Mechanical Engineering Dept.

CEME NUST 1
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OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS

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ENGINE PARAMETERS

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 ENGINE PARAMETERS

 For an engine with bore B (see Fig. 2-1), crank offset a, stroke length
S, turning at an engine speed of N:
S = 2a (2-1)
 Average piston speed is:
Up = 2SN (2-2)
 N is generally given in RPM (revolutions per minute), Up in m/sec
(ft/sec), and B, a, and S in m or cm (ft or in.).

 Average piston speed for all engines will normally be in the range of
5 to 15 m/sec (15 to 50 ft/sec), with large diesel engines on the low
end and high-performance automobile engines on the high end.

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 ENGINE PARAMETERS
 There are two reasons why engines operate in this range:-
 First, this is about the safe limit which can be tolerated by material
strength of the engine components. For each revolution of the engine, each
piston is twice accelerated from stop to a maximum speed and back to
stop.
 The second reason why maximum average piston speed is limited is
because of the gas flow into and out of the cylinders. Piston speed
determines the instantaneous flow rate of air-fuel into the cylinder during
intake and exhaust flow out of the cylinder during the exhaust stroke.
Higher piston speeds would require larger valves to allow for higher flow
rates. In most engines, valves are at max size with no room for
enlargement.
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 ENGINE PARAMETERS

 Square Engine B=S

 Under Square Engine B<S
 Over Square Engine B>S

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 ENGINE PARAMETERS

The distance between wrist pin axis and crank axis is given by

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ENGINE PARAMETERS

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ENGINE PARAMETERS

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ENGINE PARAMETERS

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 ENGINE PARAMETERS

Displacement or displacement volume also called swept volume Vd is

the volume displaced by the piston as it travels from BDC TO TDC

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 ENGINE PARAMETERS

The compression ratio of an engine is defined as

rc = VBDC / VTDC = (Vc + Vd) / Vc

 Modern spark ignition (Sl) engines have compression ratios of 8 to 11

 Compression ignition (Cl) engines have compression ratios in the range

12 to 24
 Engines with superchargers or turbochargers usually have lower
compression ratios than naturally aspirated engines
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ENGINE PARAMETERS

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ENGINE PARAMETERS

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ENGINE PARAMETERS

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Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 19
 WORK

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 WORK

TDC BDC

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FOUR STROKE CYCLE OF TYPICAL SI ENGINE

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FOUR STROKE CYCLE OF TYPICAL SI ENGINE

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FOUR STROKE CYCLE OF TYPICAL SI ENGINE WITH SUPER/TURBO CHARGER

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 If P represents the pressure inside the cylinder combustion chamber,
work inside the combustion chamber is called indicated work
 Work delivered by the crankshaft is less than indicated work due to
mechanical friction and parasitic loads of the engine. Parasitic loads include
the oil pump, supercharger, air conditioner compressor, alternator, etc.
 Actual work available at the crankshaft is called brake work Wb' Units of
specific work will be kJ/kg or BTU/lbm
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 25
 Wb = Wi – Wf
Wi = indicated specific work generated inside combustion chamber
Wf = specific work lost due to friction and parasitic loads

The upper loop of the engine cycle in Fig 2.9 consists of the
compression and power strokes where output work is generated
and is called the gross indicated work areas A and C in Fig

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The lower loop, which includes the intake and exhaust strokes is
called pump work and absorbs work from the engine areas B and C.
Net indicated work is

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 MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY

decreasing engine speed to zero at idle conditions, when no work is taken off the
crankshaft
 Terms Gross and Net

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MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE

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MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE

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MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE

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MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE

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MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE

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