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Seizures in Children: Rashmi Kumar Prof & Head, Pediatrics King George Medical University Lucknow
Seizures in Children: Rashmi Kumar Prof & Head, Pediatrics King George Medical University Lucknow
Rashmi Kumar
Prof & Head, Pediatrics
King George Medical University
Lucknow
• Prevalence
• Definition
• Conditions that mimic seizures
• Pathophysiology
• Etiology
• Age wise etiology
• Classification
• Assessment
• Febrile seizures
• Management
SEIZURES
II Idiopathic
Newborn 1-6 mths 6m-3 yrs >3 yrs
• I Partial 54%
– Simple - motor/sensory/autonomic 7.7%
– Complex 35.5%
– Partial with secondary generalization 56.4%
• II Generalised 40.4%
– Tonic clonic 69%
– Absence 3%
– Myoclonic 20.5%
– Tonic 4.1%
– Atonic 3.1%
• III Unclassifiable 6% (hospital based study in Mumbai)
I Localisation related
• Symptomatic
CLASSIFICATIO
• Cryptogenic N OF EPILEPSY
• Idiopathic STILL EVOLVING
II Generalised
• Idiopathic
• Cryptogenic
– West syndrome
– Lennox Gastaut syndrome
– epilepsy with myoclonic astatic seizures
– epilepsy with myoclonic absences
• Symptomatic
– Non specific
– specific
III Epilepsies undetermined whether focal or generalised
IV Special syndromes
EPILEPSY - SPECIAL TYPES:
GTCS: v common
• Aura tonic spasm loss of consciousness fall clonic
movements
• Rolling of eyeballs/Frothing at mouth/Distortion of face
• Incontinence/ Jerky breathing
• Post ictal sleep
Absence epilepsy
• 2-4% of childhood idiopathic epilepsy
• Girls 3-7 yrs, normal IQ
• Transient loss of consciousness for few secs
• No loss of tone
• Ppted by hyperventilation -
Lennox Gastaut:
• 1-8 yrs,
• tonic/atonic/absence type
• EEG - diffuse 2 Hz spike-waves
• Very difficult to control
EPILEPSY - SPECIAL TYPES:
• 2-4% of children
• 3m - 5 yr age
• Assn with fever due to extracranial infection
• Generalised, Short lasting, only one sz per illness
• No mental/neurological/EEG abnormality
• Typical vs Atypical (complex)
• Focal
• Prolonged
• >1 seizure during illness
• 1/3 have at least 1 recurrence
• 1/6 have multiple recurrences
• Risk of epilepsy:
– Fh/o epilepsy
– Atypical
– Abnormal neurologic/mental status
Febrile Seizures: Management
Examination:
• BP
• Head circumference
• Skin lesions
• Facial features
• Organomegaly
• Fundus
• Meningeal signs
• Neurological deficit
• Development
Seizures: Investigations
• At least 3 seizures
• EEG is abnormal
• Imaging is abnormal
• Beyond neonatal period
The following is true about breath holding
spells:
• Infantile spasms
• Onset in newborn period
• Hypsarrythmia on EEG
• Psychomotor retardation or regression
Imaging in seizures is not indicated in:
• Intermittent phenobarb
• Long term phenytoin
• Intermittent diazepam
• Long term carbamazepine
Emergency dose of IV diazepam for seizure
control is:
• 1 mg/kg
• 0.5 mg/kg
• 0.1 mg/kg
• 0.3 mg/kg
Seizures - Management
`` Thiopental infusion
LONG TERM MANAGEMENT OF
EPILEPSY:
I General advice:
• As normal a life style as possible
• No swimming/cycling on road/driving
• Inform teacher
• First aid
• Seizure dairy
• Regularity
LONG TERM MANAGEMENT OF
EPILEPSY:
Drugs: