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Cardiovascular System - Kd13
Cardiovascular System - Kd13
Cardiovascular
System
Chapter 12
Human Anatomy &
Physiology
I. Overview of the
Cardiovascular System
The circulatory system can be thought of
as the transport system of the body.
A closed system consisting of the heart,
blood vessels, and blood
– The heart pumps blood
– Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all
parts of the body
Function: Deliver oxygen & nutrient-rich
blood to body cells and remove carbon
dioxide and waste
A. Overview of the Heart
The heart is located in the thoracic cavity
between the lungs slightly to the left
A hollow, cone-shaped muscle about the
size of a fist
Made up of cardiac muscle
http://heart-disease.emedtv.com/angioplasty-with-possible-stent-video/angioplasty-risks----abrupt-or-sudden-clos
ure-of-the-artery-video.html
II. Anatomy of the Heart
1. Coverings:
Pericardium – a double
serous membrane
– Visceral pericardium
(epicardium)
Next to heart
– Parietal pericardium
Outside layer
Serous fluid fills the
space between the
layers of pericardium
2. Heart Walls:
Three layers
a] Epicardium
– Outside layer
– This layer is the visceral pericardium
b] Myocardium
– Middle and thickest layer
– Mostly cardiac muscle
c] Endocardium
– Inner layer
– Made up of simple squamous epithelium
3. Chambers
The heart has 4
chambers
– Left & right atria –
receive blood
– Left & right ventricles
-pump blood out
Chambers are
separated by a septum
4. Heart Valves
Valves are flaps of connective tissue
between the atria and ventricles
Moves the blood through the heart in one
direction
Valves open as blood is pumped through
Held in place by chordae tendineae
(“heart strings”)
Valves are closed to prevent backflow
Four valves
a. Atrioventricular valves – between atria
and ventricles, open valves
– left atrium bicuspid valve (mitral valve) left
ventricle
– right atria tricuspid valve right ventricle
b. Semilunar valves - between ventricle
and artery, closed valves
– right ventricle pulmonary semilunar valve
pulmonary ARTERY
– left ventricle aortic valve aorta
5. Major Vessels
Aorta
– Blood leaves left
ventricle towards body
Pulmonary arteries
– Oxygen-poor blood
leaves right ventricle
towards lung
Vena cava
– Superior and inferior
– Blood from the body
enters the right atrium
Pulmonary veins (4)
– Oxygen-rich blood
from lungs enters left
atrium
IV. Anatomy of Blood Vessels
Blood Vessels are tubes which transport
blood
A. Function:
– Transport blood
– Carry out the exchange of gases and waste
– Regulate blood pressure
– Direct blood flow
B. Types of Blood Vessels
1. Arteries
Blood vessels which
carry oxygen-rich
blood away from the
heart to the body.
The aorta is the
largest artery in our
body
Thick walls
2. Capillaries
Microscopic blood vessels which connect
arteries and veins together
Where exchange of oxygen, carbon
dioxide, nutrients, and waste occur
One cell layer thick
3. Veins
Blood vessels which
carry oxygen-poor
blood from the body
back to the heart.
Thin walls
Requires muscles to
push blood back to the
heart
C. Diseases
1. Arteriosclerosis
– The hardening of the arteries due to the
formation of scar tissue
– Leads to hypertension, heart attack, & stroke
2. Varicose veins
– Valves in the veins become weak leading to
abnormal dilations in the superficial veins
3. Phlebitis
– Inflammation of a vein
– Very serious because it can lead to blood clots
(thrombosis) and death
IV. Circulation of Blood in
the Body
Circulation is the transportation of
blood
Movement of Blood Through Vessels
1
D. Systemic Circulation
1. Flow of blood from the heart to the body
Cells
OXYGENATED BLOOD coming back from the lungs is
pumped to the body cells
– Lungs >
– Pulmonary VEINS (4)>
– L Atrium > 1
– Bicuspid (mitral) valve > 6
3
– L Ventricle (5) > 4 4
– Aortic Valve >
2 5
– Aorta (6)>
– Arteries >
– Body cells 1
Happy Days: Pump your blood
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gIXcW
E0bTwY
C. Coronary Circulation
1. Flow of blood to the heart tissues
The heart has its own nourishing circulatory system
– Coronary arteries – from aorta to myocardium
(heart muscle)
– Cardiac veins – from the myocardium to the
ventricle
2. Coronary disorders
a. Atherosclerosis – blockage of the arterial
walls due to the build up of cholesterol that
can lead to a heart attack
b. Thromboembolism – blood clot that
breaks away from its origin and is carried
to a new location
Can lead to a heart attack if embolus blocks a
coronary artery
http://heart-disease.emedtv.com/angioplasty-with-p
ossible-stent-video/angioplasty-risks----abrupt-or-su
dden-closure-of-the-artery-video.html
Comparison of Arteries
3. Prevention & Treatment
a. Aspirin – reduces
stickiness of platelets,
therefore prevents clots
b. Surgery
– i. Balloon Angioplasty – tube
is guided through the blood
vessel to the blockage where
is inflated to open up the
vessel or break the clot
– ii. Coronary Bypass Operation
– a blood vessel from
another part of the body is
sutured from the aorta to the
coronary artery, past the
blocked area
– Allows blood to flow to
cardiac muscle
Videos
Balloon Angioplasty
– http://heart-disease.emedtv.com/angioplasty-with-possible-stent-video/what-ha
ppens-during-the-angioplasty-video.html
3 minutes
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F_gVBK6YkPA
– 1:30 Minutes
Coronary Bypass
– http://heart-disease.emedtv.com/cabg-video/what-happens-during-a-cabg-video
.html
– 3:45 minutes
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ZuU0uzRCDU
– http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/coronary-artery-bypass/Pages/Introduction.aspx
V. Blood
The only fluid tissue in the human body
5x thicker than water
Color range
– Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet red
– Oxygen-poor blood is dull red
pH must remain between 7.35–7.45
5-6 Liters or about
6 quarts/body
A. Composition
1. Blood Plasma
Makes up 55% of blood
Composed of 90% of water
Contains nutrients, salts (metal ions),
respiratory gases, hormones, proteins,
waste products
2. Erythrocytes – Red
Blood Cells
The main function is to
carry oxygen
Biconcave disks
Anucleate (no nucleus)
Outnumber white blood
cells 1000:1
Each erythrocyte has 250
million hemoglobin
molecules
– Iron-containing protein
– Binds strongly to oxygen
3. Leukocytes – White Blood Cells
Crucial in the body’s defense against disease
4. Platelets
Small fragments
produced from
ruptured cells
(megakaryocytes)
Needed for the clotting
process
B. Blood Disorders
1. Anemia – caused by
low iron or hemoglobin
– Symptoms: fatigue,
dizziness,
headaches, short of
breath
2. Sickle cell Anemia –
recessive genetic
disorder
– Symptoms: fatigue,
bone pain, ulcers,
delayed growth,
short of breath
3. Hemophilia – recessive
sex-linked bleeding
disorder
– Blood lacks clotting factors
– Minor injuries can cause
uncontrolled bleeding
C. Blood Types
http://blood-pressure.emedtv.com/high-
blood-pressure-video/what-is-blood-
pressure-video.html