Exploring Future through

GVC Approach
Global Value Chain (GVC): The value chain describes the full range of
activities that firms and workers perform to bring a product from its
conception to end use and beyond.
Gereffi &Fernandez-Stark (2016)
 WIOD Database – Required Processing
Original Bilateral Trade Data Trade in Value Added Table for each sector

Source: An Illustrated User Guide to the World Input–Output

Database: the Case of Global Automotive Production. Timmer et al.
(2015).

44 Countries: members of the EU , Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, India,

Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, Russia, South Korea, Taiwan, Turkey , USA,…

56 Industries/Sectors : International Standard Industrial Classification

revision 4 (ISIC Rev. 4).
Table structure for Sent VA Table structure for Received VA
Greek Sectors=>Countries Countries=>Greek Sectors
Our best GVC Associates. Sectors…?
2000-2009-2014

RoW
Value Added

Value Added Value Added

Value Added
 Received Value Added (VA)–
Domestic VA for Domestic Production
• 2000: Domestic Value Added occupies the largest percentage in every domestic sector
POSSIBLE REASONS:  Secondary & Tertiary sector of the economy, Labor cost, Services,
Assemblage,..

• 2009: Domestic Value Added for sectors “Mining and quarrying” and “Manufacture of
motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers” is not any more the largest

• 2014: Domestic Value Added for sector “Mining and quarrying” becomes again the
largest, while for sector “Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers”
there is no change.
POSSIBLE REASONS:  Greek crisis, Hellenic vehicle industry (elvo) S.A., Hellas Gold S.A.
 Received Value Added (VA)–
Foreign VA for Domestic Production
• Over time, our largest supplier (meaning the first supplier of VA in most sectors) is RoW!!!!!
POSSIBLE REASON: RoW includes Panama, Liberia, Honduras etc., providers of ‘flags of convenience’. If this
is combined with the fact that Greek “water transport” send the largest (comparatively with other sectors)
value added almost at all countries then it seems logical…

• Our 2nd largest VA supplier is U.S.A.

POSSIBLE REASONS: “Public administration and defence”, “Air transportation” (“Boeing” purchases),
Warehousing and support activities for transportation, Postal and courier activities, CINEMA and TV
productions, SERVICES (financial, insurance, Marketing,…)

• Our 3rd largest VA supplier is…

2000: Italy / 2009: Germany / 2014: Germany
POSSIBLE REASON: E.U. crisis, Germany replaced Italy in 3 sectors: paper, rubber and plastic, computer
programming and information services.
 Received Value Added (VA)–
Foreign VA for Domestic Production
Our biggest VA importers – sectors…

1st. 2000/2009/2014: Forestry and logging!!!!?

POSSIBLE REASONS: Domestic shortage, Large demand (about half) for domestic furniture
manufacturers…

2nd. 2000: Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products

2009: Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
2014: BOTH

3rd. 2000: Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers & Public administration and
defence; compulsory social security
2009: Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products
2014: Public administration and defence; compulsory social security & Manufacture of wood
and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and
plaiting materials (Future interest given Shelman bankruptcy-2014)
 Sent Value Added (VA)–
Domestic VA for Foreign Production
• Greek Sector “Water transport” send the largest (comparative to other Greek Sectors) Domestic
Value Added to almost at all countries.
POSSIBLE REASON: Greek shipping remains at the top of the world…? Exceptions:
• 2000:
“Manufacture of textiles, wearing apparel and leather products” sent to “NORWAY” & “RUSSIA”
“Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products” sent to “CROATIA” & “MALTA”
“Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles” sent to “DENMARK”
“Real estate activities” sent to “CYPRUS”

• 2009:
“Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products” sent to “CROATIA” & “CYPRUS”
“Real estate activities” sent to “NORWAY”

• 2014:
“Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products” sent to “ITALY” , “MALTA”, “BULGARY,” “CYPRUS”, “TURKEY”
“Manufacture of basic metals” sent “CROATIA”, “DENMARK”, “ROMANIA”
“Repair and installation of machinery and equipment” sent to “AUSTRALIA” & “U.S.A.”
“Real estate activities” sent to “NORWAY”
Sent Value Added (VA)–
Domestic VA for Foreign Production
Our biggest VA clients – countries…

1st. 2000/2009/2014: Cyprus

2nd. 2000/2009/2014: Bulgaria
POSSIBLE REASONS: a. Geographical location , b. Similar commercial culture , c. Preferential tax regime:
Greek enterprises establish companies in Cyprus or Bulgaria (due to low taxes) and transfer their assets to
them… In this case , there is honest trade…?

3rd. 2000: Malta (“Mining and quarrying” , “Petroleum products”, “Water and Air transport”)
2009: Russia (“Fishing and aquaculture”, “Mining and quarrying”)
2014: Turkey (“Postal and courier activities”, “Pharmaceutical products”, “Publishing activities”)
POSSIBLE REASONS: Not obvious… further investigation. Russia-2009:fast comeback . Turkey-2014: 2nd
largest GDP in its history
Future Research
• Why our TOP export industries are not match with our TOP clients industries?
• Why our TOP import industries are not match with our TOP suppliers industries?
• Why “Global Factory (China)” is not include in Greece’s TOP suppliers?
• Greek Direct and Indirect Trade in Value Added.
• Exploration of Greek sub-GVCs through network – centrality metrics.
• Relation between Worker skills and industry performance through GVCs.