ACTIVITY- Energy & Environmental Engineering

Subject Code-ES -401

Topic-Environmental Pollution
B.TECH CIVIL 4 SEM

SUBMITTED TO
Dr. Prabha Dixit Mam
Asst. Professor
Dept. of Basic Sciences
SUBMITTED BY
SHIVAM SHARMA(0905CE191018)
SHIVANSH SINGH CHAUHAN(0905CE191019)
TANMAY MITTAL(0905CE191020)
VISHWAJEET KUMAR(0905CE191025)
YASH SHRIWASTAVA(0905CE191026)
 OUTLINE

01
Introduction

Types of Pollution
02

Certain initiatives
03

Role of an Individual in
04 Pollution prevention
 Definition of Pollution

• When Harmful Substances Contaminate the

environment it is Called Pollution.
• It can be defined as any undesirable change in the
physical, chemical, biological characteristics of any
component of the environment which can cause harm to
life and property.
 TYPES
TYPES
OF
OF
POLLL
POLLL
AIR UTION
UTION
POLLUTIO SOIL
N POLLUTION

WATER
POLLUTIO
THERMAL
N
POLLUTION
NOISE
POLLUTIO
N
Air pollution
* Air supplies us with oxygen which is essential for our bodies
to live.
* Air is a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, carbon
dioxide and inert gases.
* Human activities can release substances into the air, some of
which can cause problems to humans, plants, and animals.
* Natural Composition of Gases
 Definition
• Air pollution : An atmospheric condition in which certain
substances (including normal constituents in excess) are
present in concentrations which can cause undesirable
effects on man and his environment.
• They are in the form of gases (Nox, Sox, CO,VOC);
Particulate matter(dust, smoke, fumes, etc) & Radioactive
(rado-222, Iodine-131, etc)
 Sources of Air Pollution

Sources

Natural Anthropogenic

Volcanic Eruptions, Forest Thermal Power

Fires, Sea Salt Sprays, Plants,
Biological Decay, Pollen Vehicular Emissions,
Grains, Marshes,
Photochemical Oxidation Industrial Units
of Terpenes
 Classification of Air Pollutants
• Air pollutants may be particulate or gaseous.

On the basis of origin they are divided as

• Primary pollutants ---- Are emitted directly from the
point source. e.g. : CO, NO2, SO2
• Secondary pollutants ---- formed by interaction of
primary pollutants
e.g. : PAN, Smog, Ozone etc
 Effects of Air Pollution
Air Pollution affects???

• Human health
• Animals
• Plants
• Materials
• Environment
 Control Of Air Pollution

• Proper air pollution control devices in industries

• Using low sulphur coal
• Regular engine tune up, replacement of old more
polluting vehicles
• Using mass transport system, bicycles etc
• Shifting to less polluting fuels
• Planting more trees
• No to FIRE CRACKERS in Diwali and other occasions
 Water Pollution
The Contamination of water with undesirable substances which
make it unfit for usage is termed water Pollution.
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 Effects
Depletion of dissolved oxygen
Eutrophication
Pathogen….spreading diseases
Genetic deformities

Blue baby Syndrome

Minamata disease
Itai-Itai
 DEPLETION OF OXYGEN
• Low DO and High
• Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
• Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

• Biodegradable and organic waste leads to Oxygen

depletion
• DO levels less than 4 mg / l disastrous.
• Polluted waters have 0 DO
 Pathogen Spread

Stagnant water and other untreated water

provide a habitat for the mosquito and a host
of other parasites and insects that cause a
large number of diseases especially in the
tropical regions.
 Among these, malaria is undoubtedly the
most widely distributed and causes most
damage to human health.
 Control of Water Pollution

• Reduce the Use of Chemicals When Cleaning. ...

• Practice Water Conservation. ...
• Dispose of your Medications Properly. ...
• Avoid the Use of Pesticides and Herbicides. ...
• Avoid Water-Polluting Recreational Activities. ...
• Avoid Disposing Items into the Toilet.
• Maintain your Car.
 Thermal Pollution
•Definition : Presence of waste heat in the water which can
cause undesirable changes in natural environment.
•Causes:
• Heat producing Industries
• Power plants utilize only 1/3rd energy produced by fossil fuel
rest is wasted as heat
• Cold water is taken from water body for cooling ….used and
left in the water body….back with increase of 10-15 Deg.
 Causes of Thermal Pollution
• Water as a Cooling Agent in Power, Manufacturing and
Industrial Plants. Production and Manufacturing plants are
the biggest sources of thermal pollution. ...
• Soil Erosion. ...
• Deforestation. ...
• Runoff From Paved Surfaces. ...
• Natural Causes. ...
• Retention Ponds. ...
• Domestic Sewage.
 Effects…?
Oxygen penetration decreases, dissolved oxygen also
reduces as the solubility is decreased
Heat kills fishes and other aquatic life.
Toxicity of pesticides & chemicals increase with
increase in temperature
Metabolic Activities increase at high temp. requiring
more oxygen.
Spawning is disturbed
Fish migration is affected
Composition of flora & fauna changes-
Temp. tolerant spp. Start developing
 Control of Thermal pollution

• Heated water from the industries can treated before

discharging directly to the water bodies.
• 2. Heated water from the industries can be treated by the
installation of cooling ponds and cooling towers.
• 3. Industrial treated water can be recycled for domestic use
or industrial heating.
• 4. Through artificial lakes: In this lake Industries can
discharge their used or heated water at one end and water for
cooling purposes may be withdrawn from the other end. The
heat is eventually dissipated through evaporation.
Cooling towers Spray ponds

Cooling ponds
 Noise pollution
Unwanted and unbearable sound is “Noise”
Sound travels in form of pressure waves through
air, liquid or soild
Measured on DECIBEL SCALE.
Maximum during Diwali,
Ganpati and other festivals
Higher in Industrial area.
80 to 120 dB
Crackers: 125 dB
Construction: 100 dB
 Sources and effects
• Transportation
• Heavy Machinery
• Construction activities
• Celebrations and household appliances

• Physiological and psychological

changes
• Interferes communication
• Hearing damage
• Sleep disturbance
 Noise standards
• Night 10 p.m. to morning 6 a.m.- loud noise banned.
• Declaration of Zones
 Control
•International bodies like the WHO agree that awareness of noise
pollution is essential to beat this invisible enemy. For example: avoid
very noisy leisure activities, opt for alternatives means of transport such
as bicycles or electric vehicles over taking the car, do your housework at
recommended times, insulate homes with noise-absorbing materials, etc.
Educating the younger generation is also an essential aspect
of environmental education.

•Protecting certain areas — parts of the countryside, areas of natural

interest, city parks, etc. — from noise, establishing regulations that
include preventive and corrective measures — mandatory separation
between residential zones and sources of noise like airports, fines for
exceeding noise limits, etc.
 Soil pollution
• Soil is upper layer of earth crust, contains organic matter, fertile
• Dumping of wastes causes soil pollution
• Garbage
• Rubbish like glass, plastics, metallic cans, papers, cloth rags,
containers
• Discharge of Industrial wastes.
• Fly ash from Thermal power plants
• Fertilizers and pesticides: DDT, endrin, Lindane.
• Sewage sludge and radioactive wastes
 Effects and control
Reduce soil productivity
Affects soil flora and fauna
Sludge contains worms, bacteria and pathogens.
Radioactive wastes enter food chain:
Strontium 90 mimics calcium.

Treatment before discharge

Convert waste to biogas, fuel etc.
Recover from soil.
 Certain initiatives
Laws have been made and are followed
Pollution level Standards: established and compulsory
to maintain.
Pollution control boards: State and Central
(SPCB’s- like MPCB (Maharashtra Pollution Control Board) and CPCB)
NGOs
Research and development of better technologies
Awareness in schools and colleges, offices.
Awards
 Role of an Individual in
Pollution prevention

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THANK YOU