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Ch15 Lecture PPT A
Ch15 Lecture PPT A
ESSENTIALS OF
Anatomy &
Physiology
Tenth Edition
Cinnamon Vanputte
Jennifer Regan
Andrew Russo
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Chapter 15
Respiratory System
Lecture Outline
Respiration
Respiration includes the following processes:
1. Ventilation, or breathing, which is the
movement of air into and out of the lungs
2. The exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon
dioxide (CO2) between the air in the lungs and
the blood
3. The transport of O2 and CO2 in the blood
4. The exchange of O2 and CO2 between the
blood and the tissues.
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Functions
1. Respiration
2. Regulation of blood pH
3. Voice Production
4. Olfaction
5. Innate Immunity
Respiratory System 1
Figure 15.1
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Nose 1
External nose:
• composed of mainly of hyaline cartilage
Nasal cavity:
• extends from nares (nostrils) to choane
• choana: openings to pharynx
• hard palate is its roof
Nose 2
Paranasal sinuses:
• air filled spaces within bone
• open into nasal cavity
• lined with mucous
Conchae:
• on each side of nasal cavity
• increase surface area of nasal cavity
• help in cleaning, humidifying, warming of air
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Nose 3
Nasolacrimal ducts:
• carry tears from eyes
• open into nasal cavity
Pharynx 1
Pharynx 2
Uvula:
• “little grape”
• extension of soft palate
Pharyngeal tonsil:
• aids in defending against infections
Figure 15.2a
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Respiratory System 2
Figure 15.1
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Larynx 1
Larynx 2
Epiglottis:
• piece of cartilage
• flap that prevents swallowed materials from
entering larynx
Larynx 3
Vocal folds/cords:
• source of voice production
• air moves past them, they vibrate, and sound is
produced
• force of air determine loudness
• tension determines pitch
Laryngitis:
• inflammation of vocal folds
• caused by overuse, dry air, infection
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Figure 15.3
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Figure 15.4
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(b) ©CNRI/Science Source
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Trachea
Windpipe
Consists of 16 to 20 C-shaped pieces of cartilage
Contains cilia pseudostratified columnar epi.
Smoking kills cilia
Coughing dislodges materials from trachea
Divides into right and left primary bronchi
(lungs)
Bronchi
Divide from trachea
Connect to lungs
Lined with cilia
Contain C-shaped pieces of cartilage
Lungs
Primary organ of respiration
Cone shaped
The base rests on the diaphragm
The apex extends above the clavicle
Right lung has 3 lobes
Left lung has 2 lobes
Contains many air passageways (divisions)
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1. Primary bronchi
2. Lobar (secondary) bronchi
3. Segmental (tertiary) bronchi
4. Bronchioles
5. Terminal bronchioles
6. Respiratory bronchioles
7. Alveolar ducts
8. Alveoli
• Structures become smaller and more
• numerous from primary bronchi to alveoli
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Figure 15.5
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Figure 15.6
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Alveoli:
• small air sacs
• where gas exchange occurs
• surrounded by capillaries
• 300 million in lungs
Asthma attack:
• contraction of terminal bronchioles leads to
reduced air flow
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Figure 15.7
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Respiratory Membrane
In lungs where gas exchange between air and
blood occurs
Formed by walls of alveoli and capillaries
Alveolar ducts and respiratory bronchioles also
contribute
Very thin for diffusion of gases
Membrane
Figure 15.8
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Parietal pleura:
• membrane that lines thoracic cavity
Visceral pleura:
• membrane that covers lung’s surface
Pleural cavity:
• space around each lung
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Figure 15.9
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Ventilation
Ventilation (breathing):
• a process of moving air in and out of the lungs
• uses the diaphragm, which is a skeletal muscle that
separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
Phases of Ventilation
Inspiration:
• breathe in
• uses the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles
Expiration:
• breathe out
• uses the diaphragm
Forceful expiration:
• uses internal intercostal muscles
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Effect of the Muscles of Respiration on 36
Thoracic Volume
Figure 15.10
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Inspiration
Diaphragm descends and rib cage expands
Thoracic cavity volume increases, pressure
decreases
Atmospheric pressure is greater than (high)
alveolar pressure (low)
Air moves into alveoli (lungs)
Expiration
Diaphragm relaxes and rib cage recoils
Thoracic cavity volume decreases, pressure
increases
Alveolar pressure is greater than (high)
atmospheric pressure (low)
Air moves out of lungs
Changes
Figure 15.11
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Lung Recoil
Lung recoil:
• is the tendency for an expanded lung to decrease in
size
• occurs during quiet expiration
• is due to elastic fibers and thin film of fluid lining
alveoli
Surfactant
Surfactant:
• a mixture of lipoproteins
• is produced by secretory cells of the alveoli
• is a single fluid layer on the surface of thin fluid
lining alveoli
• reduces surface tension
• keeps lungs from collapsing
Pleural Pressure
Pleural pressure is:
• pressure in the pleural cavity
• less than alveolar pressure
• keep the alveoli from collapsing
Ventilation
Lung elasticity:
• lungs need to recoil between ventilations
• decreased by emphysema
Lung compliance:
• expansion of thoracic cavity
• affected if rib cage is damaged
Pulmonary Volumes 1
Spirometer:
• device that measures pulmonary volumes
Pulmonary Volumes 2
Pulmonary Volumes 3
Capacities
Figure 15.12
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Factors that Influence Pulmonary 49
Volumes
Gender
Age
Height
Weight
Gas Exchange 1
Respiratory membrane:
• where gas exchange between blood and air occurs
• primarily alveoli
• some in respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts
Gas Exchange 2
Respiratory membrane:
• does NOT occur in bronchioles, bronchi, trachea
• influenced by thickness of membrane, total area of
membrane, partial pressure of gases
Partial Pressure
Partial pressure:
• the pressure exerted by a specific gas in a mixture
of gases
• the total atmospheric pressure of all gases at sea
level is 760 mm Hg
• the atmosphere is 21% O2
Gas Exchange
Figure 15.13
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Figure 15.14a
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Figure 15.14b
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Carbon Dioxide Transport and 60
Blood pH 1
Blood pH 2
Rhythmic Ventilation
Normal respiratory rate is 12 to 20 respirations
per minute (adults).
In children, the rates are higher and may vary
from 20 to 40 per minute.
The rhythm is controlled by neurons in the
medulla oblongata.
Rate is determined by the number of times
respiratory muscles are stimulated.
Figure 15.15
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Breathing
Figure 15.16
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Regulation of Blood pH
Figure 15.17
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