The document summarizes key aspects of female physiology, including:
1) Puberty involves the development of secondary sex characteristics between ages 11-13 as the hypothalamus and pituitary gland increase secretion of hormones like estrogen and progesterone.
2) The menstrual cycle consists of the menses, proliferative, ovulation, and secretory phases regulated by hormones including estrogen, progesterone, FSH and LH.
3) During pregnancy, the reproductive system undergoes changes to accommodate fetal growth such as breast changes and frequent urination.
4) Menopause occurs around ages 40-50 as the ovaries stop regularly releasing eggs and menstrual cycles cease, leading to hormonal and physical changes for women.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
The document summarizes key aspects of female physiology, including:
1) Puberty involves the development of secondary sex characteristics between ages 11-13 as the hypothalamus and pituitary gland increase secretion of hormones like estrogen and progesterone.
2) The menstrual cycle consists of the menses, proliferative, ovulation, and secretory phases regulated by hormones including estrogen, progesterone, FSH and LH.
3) During pregnancy, the reproductive system undergoes changes to accommodate fetal growth such as breast changes and frequent urination.
4) Menopause occurs around ages 40-50 as the ovaries stop regularly releasing eggs and menstrual cycles cease, leading to hormonal and physical changes for women.
The document summarizes key aspects of female physiology, including:
1) Puberty involves the development of secondary sex characteristics between ages 11-13 as the hypothalamus and pituitary gland increase secretion of hormones like estrogen and progesterone.
2) The menstrual cycle consists of the menses, proliferative, ovulation, and secretory phases regulated by hormones including estrogen, progesterone, FSH and LH.
3) During pregnancy, the reproductive system undergoes changes to accommodate fetal growth such as breast changes and frequent urination.
4) Menopause occurs around ages 40-50 as the ovaries stop regularly releasing eggs and menstrual cycles cease, leading to hormonal and physical changes for women.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
The document summarizes key aspects of female physiology, including:
1) Puberty involves the development of secondary sex characteristics between ages 11-13 as the hypothalamus and pituitary gland increase secretion of hormones like estrogen and progesterone.
2) The menstrual cycle consists of the menses, proliferative, ovulation, and secretory phases regulated by hormones including estrogen, progesterone, FSH and LH.
3) During pregnancy, the reproductive system undergoes changes to accommodate fetal growth such as breast changes and frequent urination.
4) Menopause occurs around ages 40-50 as the ovaries stop regularly releasing eggs and menstrual cycles cease, leading to hormonal and physical changes for women.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Puberty • First sign appears between 11 an d 13 years of age in girls and the process is largely completed by age 16 –MENARCHE: First episode of menstrual bleeding Vagina, uterus, uterine tube and external genitalia begin to enlarge Increase rate of estrogen and progesterone secretion of the ovaries After the onset of puberty, the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary secretes a large amount of GnRH, LH and FSH. Menstrual Cycle Phases • Menses • Proliferative Phase • Ovulation • Secretory Phase Menses • A period of mild hemorrhage during which part of the endometrium is sloughed and expelled from the uterus. • Typically last for 4 or 5 days • Pituitary: ↓FSH and LH secretion is low but will ↑ (FSH) as progesterone levels ↓ Menses • Ovarian Follicles: The rate of estrogen and progesterone secretion is low after degeneration of the corpus luteum produced during the previous menstrual cycle Menses • Endometrium: In response to the declining progesterone levels, the endometrial lining of the uterus sloughs off, resulting in menses followed by repair of the endometrium Proliferative Phase • The time between the ending of menses and ovulation • Refers to the proliferation of the endometrium • From day 4 or 5 to day 14 Proliferative Phase • Pituitary: FSH & LH are only slightly elevated during most of the phase but ↑ near the end of the proliferative phase in response to the increasing estrogen and progesterone • Developing follicles & Ovaries: increasing amount of estrogen & progesterone Proliferative Phase • Endometrium: Estrogen causes endometrial cells of the uterus to divide thickening w/ tube-like glands Ovulation • About the 14th day • Pituitary: The FSH and LH secretion ↑ rapidly just before ovulation in response to estrogen levels ↑ estrogen secretion, resulting in a positive feedback cycle Ovulation • Ovarian follicle: LH causes final maturation of a mature follicle; and causes enlargement of immature follicles • Endometrium: continues to divide in response to estrogen Secretory Phase • Time between ovulation and the next menses • About day 14 to day 28 • Pituitary: high estrogen & progesterone levels exert negative feedback on FSH & LH production • Ovarian follicle: conversion to the corpus luteum ↑progesterone but ↓ estrogen Secretory Phase • If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates about day 25, and the rate of progesterone rapidly declines to low levels Secretory Phase • Endometrium: In response to progesterone, the endometrial cells enlarge & reach their great degree of development • After progesterone level declines, the endometrium begins to degenerate Pregnancy After the sexual act… • Sperm cells are released into the vagina cervix uterus oviducts – Propelled by movement of the tail or contractions by uterine wall (♀: oxytocin, ♂: prostaglandin) After the sexual act… • Sperm cells undergo capacitation – To allow penetration Pregnancy or gestation • The importance of the reproductive system is the nurturing of an offspring, which is fulfilled by pregnancy • During this time, many changes happen in the body because the systems are being readjusted to accommodate the physical growth of the body and the hormonal changes. COMMON CAUSES CHANGES Morning sickness Hormonal changes Breast changes Hormonal changes (increase in size; (+) tenderness; areolas and nipples darken; (+) colostrum) Frequent urination Pressure of uterus on the bladder Vaginal discharge Increased blood supply to the skin and muscles around the vagina COMMON CAUSES CHANGES Constipation Hormonal changes that slow down the digestion of food Indigestion/heartburn Slowing of digestion and relaxation of muscles that keeps digested foods and acids in the stomach Lower abdominal or groin Stretching of the pain ligaments and muscles that support the uterus Skin and hair changes Hormonal changes COMMON CAUSES CHANGES Numbness and tingling Compression of nerves in the legs Varicose veins Generalized swelling, weight of uterus Hemorrhoids Weight of uterus pressing on the veins LBP Change in posture Breathing problems Pregnant uterus presses on the diaphragm; lungs don’t have enough space to expand Stretch marks Stretching of the skin as you grow bigger Menopause Menopause • Cessation of the menstrual cycle • In women 40 or 50 years old, the menstrual cycle becomes less regular, and ovulation does not consistently occur during each cycle Menopause • Female Climacteric – Period from irregular menses to complete cessation What are the possible changes in postmenopausal women? Changes Menstrual •becomes irregular cycle • ↑ incidence of ovulation & maturation of The number of cycles in which ovulation does not occur and which corpora lutea does not mature
Uterus •Endometrium atrophies, and the
uterus becomes smaller Changes Vagina and • External genitalia becomes external thinner and less elastic genitalia • Labia majora becomes smaller • Pubic hair decreases • Reduces secretion leads to dryness • Vagina is more easily inflamed and infected Changes Skin • Epidermis becomes thinner Cardio- • Hypertension and vascular atherosclerosis occur more System frequently Vasomotor • hot flashes and increased Instability sweating are correlated with vasodilation of cunateous blood vessel • Hot flashes are related to decreases estrogen levels Changes Libido • Temporary changes, usually a decrease in libido
Fertility • Begins to decline about 10
years before the onset of menopause • By age 50 almost all oocytes and follicles have degenerated Changes
Pituitary • Lower levels of estrogen &
Function progesterone produced by the ovaries cause the pituitary glands to secrete larger amounts of FSH and LH • These hormones have little effect on the post-menopausal ovaries Thank You for Listening