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Routing Concept: M.Karthikeyan, Hod/It Sengunthar College of Engineering, Tiruchengode
Routing Concept: M.Karthikeyan, Hod/It Sengunthar College of Engineering, Tiruchengode
M.Karthikeyan,HoD/IT
Sengunthar College of
Engineering,Tiruchengode
Agenda
• Basic concepts
• Routing components
2
What’s Routing
Routing - path finding from one end to the
other
• Routing occurs at layer 3
• Bridging occurs at layer 2
Application layer Application layer
Presentation layer Presentation layer
Session layer Session layer
Transport layer Transport layer
Network layer Network layer Network layer
Data link layer Data link layer Data link layer
Physical link Physical link Physical link
Network A Network B
3
IP Routing
• IP performs:
• search for a matching host address
• search for a matching network address
• search for a default entry
• Routing done by IP router, when it searches the
routing table and decide which interface to end a
packet out.
incoming
which interface ?
4
Routing Tables
• Routing is carried out in a router by consulting
routing table.
• No unique format for routing tables, typically
table contains:
– address of a destination
– IP address of next hop router
– network interface to be used
– subnet mask for the this interface
– distance to the destination
5
Routing Component
• Three important routing elements :
– algorithm
– database
– protocol
• Algorithm : can be differentiate based on several
key characteristics
• Database : table in routers or routing table
• Protocol: the way information for routing to be
gathered and distributed
6
Routing Algorithm
Design goals
• Optimality - compute the best route
• Simplicity/low overhead - efficient with a
minimum software and utilization overhead
• Robustness/stability- perform correctly in the face
of unusual circumstances
• Rapid convergence- responds quickly when the
network changes
• Flexibility- accurate adapt to a variety of
network
7
Routing Protocols
8
Routing Metrics
9
Hop Count
• A hop is defined as a passage through one router
2 hops
1 hop 1 hop
R1 R2
1 hop 1 hop
R3
10
Routing Algorithm Types
11
Routing Algorithm: Static Route
• Manually configuration routing table
• Can’t react dynamically to network change such
as router’s crash
• Work well with small network or simple
topology
• Unix hosts use command route to add an entry
point to point
connection
route to this
way only, no need
for update
12
Routing Algorithm: Static Technique
Flooding
• Every incoming packet is sent out every outgoing
• Retransmit on all outgoing at each node
• Simple technique, require no network information
• Generate vast numbers of duplicate packet
flooding
incoming
13
Routing Algorithm: Dynamic Route
Dynamic route
• Network protocol adjusts automatically for
topology or traffic changes
• Unix hosts run routing daemon routed or
gated
14
Routing Algorithm: Dynamic Route operation
15
Routing Algorithm: Source Routing
• Source routing
– Source will determine the entire route
– Routers only act as store-forward devices
• Hop-by-hop
– Routers determine the path based on theirs own
calculation
16
Routing Algorithm: Distance Vector
17
Distance Vector Algorithm
• Using hop count as a metric
• Each router periodically sends a copy of its
routing table to neighbors
• send <network X, hopcount Y>
R1 R2 R3
W X Y Z
recompute R1’s recompute recompute R3’s
routing table R2’s routing table
routing table
Œ topology
R1 R2 R3 change
19
Distance Vector: Broadcast (I)
• The first round I, 1 hop
R1 J, 1 hop
J, 1 hop
K, 1 hop
J M, 1 hop
I
N, 1 hop
R3
K
R2 N, 1 hop
O, 1 hop
I, 1 hop
L N
K, 1 hop R5
M
L, 1 hop
O
R4
L, 1 hop
M, 1 hop
O 1 hop
20
Distance Vector: Broadcast (II)
• The second round I, 1 hop
J, 1 hop
K, 2 hops J, 1 hop
R1 L, 2 hops K, 1 hop
M, 2 hops M, 1 hop
N, 2 hops N, 1 hop
I, 2 hops N, 1 hop
J L, 2 hops O, 1 hop
I O, 2 hops J, 2 hops
R3 K, 2 hops
K M, 1 hop
R2 L, 2 hops
I, 1 hop L N
R5
K, 1 hop M
L, 1 hop
J, 2 hops O
M, 2 hops
N, 2 hops R4
O, 2 hops L, 1 hop
M, 1 hop
O, 1 hop
I, 2 hops
K, 2 hops
J, 2 hops
N, 2 hops 21
Distance Vector: Broadcast (III)
• The third round I, 1 hop
J, 1 hop
K, 2 hops
L, 2 hops J, 1 hop
R1 K, 1 hop
M, 2 hops
N, 2 hops M, 1 hop
O, 3 hops N, 1 hop N, 1 hop
I, 2 hops O, 1 hop
J L, 2 hops
I J, 2 hops
O, 2 hops K, 2 hops
R3
K M, 1 hop
R2 L, 2 hops
I, 3 hops
I, 1 hop
L N
K, 1 hop R5
M
L, 1 hop
J, 2 hops O
M, 2 hops
N, 2 hops
O, 2 hops R4
L, 1 hop
M, 1 hop
O, 1 hop
I, 2 hops
K, 2 hops
J, 2 hops
N, 2 hops 22
Distance Vector: Crashed Recovery
• R3 crashed R1
2 1 initial
2 3 1st round
hop count to R3
4 3 2nd round
4 5 3rd
round
24
Split Horizon
• Solve by set distance “16” as infinity
• No destination can be more than 15 hops away
from any other
• Distance to X is not reported on the line that
packet for X are sent
• Actually, it reports with infinity
R1
I R2
J
R3
R3 crashed
to R3 to R3
25
Dijkstra’s Shortest Path First Algorithm
27
Routing Algorithm: Link State
W X Y Z
Œ exchange link
R2 state packets
R4
build topolo gical
database
R3
Routing
Table
Ž
compute SPF update routing
table 31
Link State Routing Update
R1
R4
R2 topology
change
R3
32
OSPF Overview
• Router maintains descriptions of state of
local links
• Transmits updated state information to all
routers it knows about
• Router receiving update must
acknowledge
– Lots of traffic generated
• Each router maintains database
– Directed graph
33
Link Costs
• Cost of each hop in each direction is called
routing metric
• OSPF provides flexible metric scheme
based on type of service (TOS)
– Normal (TOS) 0
– Minimize monetary cost (TOS 2)
– Maximize reliability (TOS 4)
– Maximize throughput (TOS 8)
– Minimize delay (TOS 16)
34
Areas
• Make large internets more manageable
• Configure as backbone and multiple areas
• Area – Collection of contiguous networks
and hosts plus routers connected to any
included network
• Backbone – contiguous collection of
networks not contained in any area, their
attached routers and routers belonging
to multiple areas
35
Operation of Areas
37
Internet Routing Architecture
Autonomous
System
EGP/BGP
IGP EGP/BGP
IGP
IGP
38
Routing in the Internet
The Internet uses hierarchical routing
• The Internet is split into Autonomous Systems (AS’s)
• Within an AS, the administrator chooses an Interior
Gateway Protocol (IGP)
• Examples of IGPs: RIP (rfc 1058), OSPF (rfc 1247).
• Between AS’s, the Internet uses an Exterior Gateway
Protocol
• AS’s today use the Border Gateway Protocol, BGP-4 (rfc
1771)
39
Autonomous System
• AS is a collectionof LANs and WANs and the
interconnectting routers which under the control of
one management authority
• The same AS runs the same Interior Gateway
Protocol
• Why setting up AS? - establish a direct link to
each other rather than route through the core
Internet
• How to select AS? - register and get the AS
number from IAB
40
Gateway Protocol
• Interior gateway protocol
– exchange routing information between routers
within a single AS
– RIP, RIP II, OSPF
41
Interior Routing Protocols
• RIP
• Uses distributed Bellman-Ford algorithm.
• Updates sent every 30 seconds.
• No authentication.
• Originally in BSD UNIX.
• OSPF
• Link-state updates sent (using flooding) as and when
required.
• Every router runs Dijkstra’s algorithm.
• Authenticated updates.
• Autonomous system may be partitioned into “areas”.
42
Exterior Routing Protocols
Problems:
• Topology: The Internet is a complex mesh of different
AS’s with very little structure.
• Autonomy of AS’s: Each AS defines link costs in
different ways, so not possible to find lowest cost paths.
• Trust: Some AS’s can’t trust others to advertise good
routes (e.g. two competing backbone providers), or to
protect the privacy of their traffic (e.g. two warring
nations).
• Policies: Different AS’s have different objectives (e.g.
route over fewest hops; use one provider rather than
another).
43
Border Gateway Protocol
(BGP-4)
• BGP is not a link-state or distance-vector routing
protocol.
• BGP advertises complete paths (a list of AS’s).
• Example of path advertisement:
• “The network 171.64/16 can be reached via the path
{AS1, AS5, AS13}”.
• Paths with loops are detected locally and
ignored.
• Local policies pick the preferred path among
options.
• When a link/router fails, the path is
44
“withdrawn”.