Hammertone

and
Wrinkle Finish
Hammer Finishes
 Floating And Flooding

• Two related defects result from uneven distribution

of pigment in a film as it is drying

• result of convection current flows driven by surface

tension differentials while a film is drying
• rise, spread, sink.
• viscosity increases, difficult for the pigment
particles to move.

•The smallest particle size,lowest density

particles continue moving longest and the
largest particle size, highest density particles
stop moving sooner.
• Floating is usually undesirable

• Ingenious coatings formulators have taken

advantage of the problem by purposely inducing
floating to make attractive coatings.

• The coatings are called hammer finishes because

they look a bit like the pattern one
would get by striking a piece of metal with a ball
peen hammer.
• Hammer finishes were used on a large scale,
especially for coating cast iron components, for
which it was desirable to hide the surface roughness

• Such coatings contain large particle size non

leafing aluminum pigment and dispersions of
transparent fine particle size pigments
• One way of getting a hammer effect is to spray a
metallic coating and then spray a small amount of
solvent on the wet film.

• Surface tension is lowest where drops of solvent land,

and surface tension differential–driven convection flow
patterns are set up, leading to floating where the lines
have more dark and the centers of the patterns have
more aluminum.
• Self-hammer coatings, formulated to give a hammer
finish pattern without need for a spatter spray of
solvent

• Higher molecular weight silicones are so incompatible

and insoluble in most coating systems, that they create
craters in a very defined and reproducible way

x > 1400
viscosity> 100000 mPa.s
 Wrinkle Finishes
• The term wrinkling refers to the surface of a coating
that looks shriveled or wrinkled into many small hills
and valleys

• In some cases, a wrinkle pattern is so fine that to the

unaided eye, the film appears to have low gloss rather
than to look wrinkled ie.microrivelling
• Wrinkle finishes are used for applications such as
office equipment.

•Like hammer finishes, wrinkle finishes covered

uneven cast metal parts. Their use has dropped since
plastic molded parts have supplanted many metal
castings.
Wrinkling results

• when the surface of a film becomes high in

viscosity while the bottom of the film is still
relatively fluid.

• It can result from rapid solvent loss from the

surface, followed by later solvent loss from the
lower layers.

• It can also result from more rapid cross-linking at

the surface of the film than in the lower layers of
the film.
• Subsequent solvent loss or cure in the lower layers
results in shrinkage, which pulls the surface layer into a
wrinkled pattern.

• Wrinkling is more apt to occur with thick films than

with thin films because the possibility of different
reaction rates and differential solvent loss within the
film increases with thickness.
•Wrinkle finishes are mainly based on drying oils,
especially if all or part of the oil was tung oil, and
cobalt salts were used as the only drier.

• Tung oil cross-links relatively rapidly when exposed

to oxygen from air, and cobalt salts are active
catalysts for the auto oxidation reaction but are poor
through driers

• These factors favor differential surface cure, which

results in wrinkling of the surface layer.
The wrinkle pattern can be fine or bold, depending on
the ratio of tung oil to other drying oils, or in the case
of alkyd systems, the oil length of the alkyd, and the
ratio of cobalt to driers such as lead or zirconium salts
that promote through dry