CHAPTER 14

S TA N T I NF E C T I O NS :
A NT IB IO T I C- R E SI
THE RISE OF
O L U T IO N I N A C T I O N
EV

D eve lop men t of N ew S p ecies

Lesson 14.6 The
Lesson 14.7 Evolutionary Patterns
LESSON 14.6 THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW SPECIES

WHAT CAUSES NEW SPECIES TO FORM?

WHAT IS SPECIATION?
• It describes the development of new species.

• Its an ancestral species splits into two or more descendant

species that are genetically different from one another and can no
longer interbreed.

Speciation- is the evolutionary process by which populations

evolve to become distinct species.
 Migration – is an organism moves from its present habitat to a new one.

Isolation – occurs when some members of species are suddenly separated from the rest of the species.

Migration and isolation are two common ways in which organisms move into new or empty niches.

There are two mechanisms of speciation by isolation:

• Geographic Isolation, a portion of an existing population becomes totally isolated because of geographical
barriers like a mountain range, a river valley, an ocean, or a desert.

• Reproductive Isolation, also known as Genetic isolation, isolated populations have become so genetically
different that reproduction can no longer occur even if their members are brought back together and mate.
 There are 4 modes of speciation:

ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION
( Geographical Isolation)

• a portion of an existing population becomes totally isolated because of

geographical barriers like a mountain range, a river valley, an ocean, or a desert.

• A physical barrier (continental split, rise in sea level, formation of mountain range,
advance glaciers, change in habitat ) prevents gene flow between population of a
species.
 SYMPATRIC SPECIATION

• is the formation of two or more descendant species from a single ancestral

species all occupying the same geographic location.

• A process through which new species evolve from a single ancestral species
while inhabiting the same geographic region
 PARAPATRIC SPECIATION
• two subpopulations of a species evolve reproductive isolation from one
another while continuing to exchange genes.

• thus occurs when a smaller population is isolated, usually at the

periphery of a larger group, and becomes differentiated to the point of
becoming a new species

• The population does not mate randomly. Individuals are more likely to
mate with their geographic neighbors than with individuals in a
different part of the population’s range.

• In this mode, divergence may happen because of reduced gene flow

within the population and varying selection pressures across the
population’s range.

In parapatric speciation, there is no specific extrinsic barrier to gene flow.

 PERIPATRIC SPECIATION

• a subform of allopatric speciation, new species are formed in

isolated, smaller peripheral populations that are prevented from
exchanging genes with the main population.

• It is related to the concept of a founder effect, since small

populations often undergo bottlenecks
LESSON 14.7 EVOLUTIONARY PATTERNS

The word evolution connotes the idea of organisms evolving or changing and something different.
 Divergent Evolution
- It occurs when closely related species each move to new habitats because of diverging lifestyles, ultimately
producing different species altogether.
- When isolated populations of a species evolve independently.
- May occur as a response to changes in abiotic factors, such as a change in environmental conditions, or when a
new niche becomes available.
 Convergent Evolution
- groups of initially distantly related organisms evolve similar structures to adapt to a
similar habitat or way of life.
- Occurs when Natural Selection has produced similar adaptions in response to similar
environment between different species.

Extinction
- Refers the loss of an entire species for variety of reasons; Events in our planet’s history also led to mass extinctions
in which many organisms died out. Mass extinctions are global and catastrophic in scale; they wipe out between 25%
and 75% of species.
 Adaptive Radiation
- Is characterized by a rapid increase in the
number of kinds of closely related species,
which evolve new traits to fill empty niches.

- is a process in which organisms diversify

rapidly from an ancestral species into a
multitude of new forms, particularly when a
change in the environment makes new
resources available, creates new challenges,
or opens new environmental niches.

Coevolution
- is particular common in predator-prey relationships.
In this phenomenon, two or more species can equally
influence each other’s evolutionary direction.
 THAT’S IT! THE END!
THANK YOU!

PRESENTED BY: ALEXA MARIE ARIAS