Igneous Rock

● Sediments- are loose unconsolidated rock fragments

● Lithification- taking loose sediments and turning them into hard rock by compression, cementation(by silica rich groundwater)
● Clastic (Detrital) Sedimentary rocks- Made up of bits and pieces of other rocks and minerals These are classified by grain sized
● Conglomerate - Rounded Gravel Forms mostly in riverbeds or by the sea
● Breccia - Angular Gravels Forms mostly b y faults and in landslides
● SandStone- Sand sized particles forms mostly in rivers and on beaches many kinds(ex. Quartz, lithic, arkosic)
● SiltStone- Silt sized particles windy deserts, offshore beyond the breaker waves
● Shale- Made of clay sized particles WHen not layered also called mudstone forms in still water in lakes ponds and on the ocean floor
● Biological (Organic) Sedimentary Rocks- Biochemical (Accumulated shells and micro fossils/ shells)limestone, chert, chalk Organic (dead plants
and animals coal Kerogen oil shale,
● Chemical Sedimentary Rocks- Mostly made of crystals that precipitate out of water
● Include evaporites(gypsum and rock salt) Agates, Travertine Dolostone
● Sedimentary structures and environment of deposition
● Bedding (Strata)- ( The large horizontal bedding here at the Grand Canyon tells you this was once the bottom of an ocean)
● Ripple Marks-Shallow Water
● Cross Bedding Ancient sand Dunes
● Turbidity Currents Underwater Landslide
● Mud Cracks Wet, followed by very dry weather
● High Energy environments strong currents will give you rocks with large grain sizes
● Low energy environment Standing water still water shale (clay sized Paritcles)
● High ENergy Environment COnglemerate
● Fossilis- The minute you find a fossil you know exactly what the environment was like when the rock formed most fossils are very small (Silt rice
and pea sized) BIgger bone remains are much rarer Petrified wood Geode Opal
● Deepest part of the La Basin-Deepest part of the LA Basin is at the intersection of the 710 Long beach FWY and imperial HIghway
● If you were to dig to basement rock( metamorphic rock or igneous rock ) you would have to dig as deep as the himalayas are high
● A RARE BASIN The most common explanation for the bowl is that a bend in the San Andreas opened up a hole in the crust while the greater LA
basin was underwater and that the hole filled in with sediments
Earthquakes
● About 100,000 M3 Earthquakes occur on Earth every year 1,500 M5’s usually a M7 or greater every couple of months and a M8 or greater, per
year
● Most bigger earthquakes occur on fualts as a result of plate movement these are called tectonic earthquakes southern california usually has
about 10,000 q uakes per year
● Elastic Rebound Faults are slip surfaces where two blocks of earth are sliding past each other Henry read came up with the elastic rebound
theory after the 1906 San Fransico earthquake linking faults to earthquakes
● Seismology the study of Earthquakes Waves
● Seismoloist usually a physicist or astronmer studies the waves and the shaking Paleoseismologist (a geologist who digs up the fault) looks at
the fault history and characteristics Seimometer the instrument in the ground that detects the shaking and waves Seismograph The instrument
that records the quake Seismogram
● Body waves travel through the earth and are the fastest waves
● 1st waves are compressional waves (5-8 km/s) P Waves
● 2nd Waves are shear waves ( cannot travel through liquid) S-Waves (3-5Km/s)
● S waves come after pwaces and cause side to side shaking and lots of damge surfacewaves travel on the outside of the earth and are slower
● Stacked Trapped S waves Love Waves
● Like oscillatory waves on the ocean Ground roll Rayleigh waves
● The ringing of the earth CODA WAVES
● Eathquake location You need to determine the difference between the p wave and the suave arrival times how many seconds or minutes are
they apart Distance from rhe station can then be determined by triangulation you can locate the epicenter with seismograms for the same
earthquakes from three different stations
● Locatin g the epicenter of an earthquake part 1 findingng the distance to the epicenter step 1 determine the difference in arrival time for your
pwave and your s wave
● How is an earthquakes epicenter located time distance graph showing the average travel times for P and S waves the farther away a
seismograph is from the focus of an earthquake the longer the interval between the arrivals of the p and sa waves
● Faults Strike slip faults the motion is primarily horizontal Dip slip faults the movement is primarily verical