CHAPTER 3

CONTROL STATEMENTS
 CONTROL OF FLOW

 A flow control statement can cause a change in the subsequent

controls of flow to differ from the natural sequential order in which
the instructions are listed.
 Flow control roughly categorized into 3. These are:
1. Conditional/Branching/selection statements
2. Iteration/Looping/Repetition statements
3. Jumping statements
THE 3 BASIC STRUCTURES IN PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

 Sequence o Selection
 Programs executed • Programs executed
sequentially by default
… ...
dependent on a condition
being satisfied.

Statement 1
True False
Condition?

Statement 2
Statement A Statement B
… ...
BASIC STRUCTURES IN PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES (2)

 Loop

True
Condition? Statement

False
Statement

True
Condition?

False
1. CONDITIONAL OR SELECTION STATEMENTS

 The program can decide which statements to execute based on a

condition.
 C++ provides several types of selection statements:
1. one-way if statements,
2. two-way if-else statements,
3. nested if and multi-way if-else statements,
4. switch statements, and
5. conditional expressions.
1.1. THE ONE-WAY IF STATEMENT
 The syntax for a one-way if statement is shown here:

if (Boolean_expression)
{
statement(s);
}

 It executes an action if and only if the condition is true.

 CONTINUED

 If the boolean-expression evaluates to true, the statements in the block are

executed.
#include<iostream.h>
int main()
{
int grade;
cout<<“Enter the student grade: ”;
cin>>grade;
if ( grade >= 50 )
cout << “\n Passed“;
return 0;
}
 The braces can be omitted if they enclose a single statement.
 E.g.,
if (i > 0)
cout << "i is positive" << endl;
 EXAMPLE

 Write a program that prompts the user to enter an integer. If the

number is a multiple of 5, display Hello Five. Also, if the
number is even, display Hello Even.
 1.2. TWO-WAY IF-ELSE STATEMENT

 An if-else statement decides which statements to execute based

on if the condition is true or false.
Flowchart
if (Boolean_expression)
{
statement(s);
Syntax

}
else
{
statement(s);
}
EXAMPLE

#include<iostream.h>
int main()
{
int grade;
cout<<“Enter the student grade: ”;
cin>>grade;
if ( grade >= 50 )
cout << “\n Passed“;
else
cout << “\n Failed“;
return 0;
}
// Program to check whether an integer is positive or negative
// This program considers 0 as a positive number
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int number;
cout << "Enter an integer: ";
cin >> number;
if (number >= 0)
{
cout << "You entered a positive integer: " << number << endl;
}
else
{
cout << "You entered a negative integer: " << number << endl;
}
cout << "This line is always printed.";
return 0;
}
1.2.1. THE MULTI-WAY IF-ELSE STATEMENT
The syntax of the if...else if...else statement is:
if (condition1) {
// code block 1
}
else if (condition2){
// code block 2
}
else {
// code block 3
}

• This style, called multi-way if-else statements, avoids deep

indentation and makes the program easy to read.
Multi-Way if-else flowchart
Multi-way if-esle flowchart to assign grade.
EXAMPLE
#include<iostream.h>
int main()
{
int grade;
cout<<“Enter the student grade: ”;
cin>>grade;
if ( grade >= 90 )
cout << “\n You Get Grade A “;
else if ( grade >= 80 )
cout << “\n You Get Grade B “;
else if ( grade >= 70 )
cout << “\n You Get Grade C “;
else if ( grade >= 60 )
cout << “\n You Get Grade D “;
else
{
cout << “\n You Get Grade F“;

}
return 0;
}
 1.3 NESTED IF STATEMENT
 An if statement can be inside another if statement to form a
nested if statement.
 Its syntax is:

// outer if statement
if (condition1) {
// statements
// inner if statement
if (condition2) {
// statements
}
}
NESTED IF STATEMENT

if (i > k)
{
if (j > k)
cout << "i and j are greater than k" << endl;
}
else
cout << "i is less than or equal to k" << endl;

The if (j > k) statement is nested inside the if (i > k).

The nested if statement can be used to implement multiple
alternatives.
Nested if flowchart
// C++ PROGRAM TO FIND IF AN INTEGER IS EVEN OR ODD OR NEITHER (0)
// USING NESTED IF STATEMENTS
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int num;
cout << "Enter an integer: ";
cin >> num;
// outer if condition
if (num != 0) {
// inner if condition
if ((num % 2) == 0) {
cout << "The number is even." << endl; }
// inner else condition
else {
cout << "The number is odd." << endl; } }
// outer else condition
else {
cout << "The number is 0 and it is neither even nor odd." << endl;
}
cout << "This line is always printed." << endl;
}
 HOME WORK
 Suppose x = 3 and y = 2; show the output, if any, of the
following code. What is the output if x = 3 and y = 4? What is
the output if x = 2 and y = 2?
 Draw a flowchart of the code.
if (x > 2) {
if (y > 2) {
int z = x + y;
cout << "z is " << z << endl;
}
}
else
cout << "x is " << x << endl;
1.4. THE SWITCH STATEMENT
 THE SWITCH STATEMENT

switch (condition)
The switch Statement {
case value1:
 Multiple selection structure statement11;
...
 Performs different actions for break;
different test expression values case value2:
 Less general than nested statement21;
if-else ...
statement break;
 integer test expression only
...
 test for equality only

case valueN:
statementN1;
...
break;
default:
statementD;
...
}
THE SWITCH STATEMENT FLOWCHART
 (CONT’D)
switch (expression)
{ The switch Statement (cont’d)
case value1:
statement11;  Uses 4 keywords
...  switch
break;
case value2:  identifies start of switch statement
statement21;
...  expression in parentheses (switch
break; expression) evaluated & its value
... compared to various alternative (case)
case valueN: values within compound statement
statementN1; that follows
...
break;
default:
statementD;
...
}
 (CONT’D)
switch (expression) The switch Statement (cont’d)
{
case value1:  Uses
statement11; 4 keywords (cont’d)
...  Case
break;
case value2:  identifies possible entry points of switch
statement21; statement
...
break;  comparison done in order in which case

... values are listed

 execution begins with statement
case valueN:
statementN1; immediately following case value that
... matched value of switch expression
break;
default:
statementD;
...
}
 (CONT’D)
switch (expression) The switch Statement (cont’d)
{
case value1:  Uses
statement11; 4 keywords (cont’d)
...  break
break;
case value2:
 identifies end of each case & forces immediate
statement21; exit from switch statement
...  once entry point established, no further case

break; evaluations done; all statements within compound

statement executed unless break statement is
... encountered
 if omitted, all statements in compound statement
case valueN:
statementN1; following entry point (including default case) are
... executed
break;
default:
statementD;
...
}
 (CONT’D)
switch (expression) The switch Statement (cont’d)
{
case value1:  Uses
statement11; 4 keywords (cont’d)
...  default
break;
case value2:  identifies default action when no
statement21; match between case value & switch
... expression value exists
break;
 optional (if switch expression value
... does not match any case value, no
case valueN: statement is executed unless default is
statementN1; encountered)
...  invariably placed at bottom of switch
break;
default: statement (by virtue of its purpose);
statementD; break statement not needed for last
...
} switch case
E.G. SIMPLE CALC. USING SWITCH
• A switch statement executes statements based on the value of a
variable or an expression.
#include <iostream>
CONTINUED
using namespace std;  Commenting Grades using switch
int main () { statement.
char grade = ‘B’;
switch(grade) {
case ‘A’ : cout << “Excellent!” << endl;
break;
case ‘B’ :
case ‘C’ : cout << “V. Good!” << endl;
break;
case ‘D’ : cout << “Poor!” << endl;
break;
case ‘F’ : cout << “Fail!” << endl;
break;
default : cout << “Invalid grade” << endl;
}
cout << "Your grade is " << grade << endl;
return 0;
V. Good!
}
Your grade is B
 CONTINUED

• Here is an example which has fall-throughs. Suppose we want to print the

number of days in the nth month of the year, taking n as the input. Here is
the program.
CONTINUED
// A program which identifies the input character is vowel, consonant or space
#include<iostream.h> 
int main()
{
char ch;
cout<<“Enter a character ";
cin>>ch;
switch(ch)
{
case 'a‘: case 'e‘: case 'i': case 'o': case 'u‘: //means if(ch==‘a’ || ch==‘e’ || ch==‘i’ || ch==‘o’ || ch==‘u’ )

cout<<"vowel";
break;
case ' ':
cout<<"space";
break;
default:
cout<<"consonant";
break;
}
return 0;
}
 NESTED SWITCH STATEMENT
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
This is outer switch
int main ( )
This is inner switch
{ The value of a is : 100
int a = 100; The value of b is : 200
int b = 200;
switch (a) {
case 100:
cout << "This is outer switch" << endl;
switch (b) {
case 200:
cout << "This is inner switch" << endl;
}
}
cout << "The value of a is : " << a << endl;
cout << "The value of b is : " << b << endl;
return 0;
}
 1.5. THE CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS

• A conditional expression evaluates an expression based on a condition.

Syntax: boolean-expression ? expression1 : expression2;
• For example, the following statement assigns 1 to y if x is greater than 0,
and -1 to y if x is less than or equal to 0.

if (x > 0) y = x > 0 ? 1 : -1;

y = 1;
else
y = -1;  You might want to assign a variable a value
that is restricted by certain conditions.
E.g. int max = (a>b) ? a : b;
 QUIZ
 Write a program to accept any character from keyboard and display
whether it is vowel or not.

 Write a program that gives grade based on the following scale using if else
statement:

> 95 –> A+ 70 - 74 –> B

65 - 69 –> B-
85 - 94 –> A
60 - 64 –> C+
80 - 84 –> A-
50 - 59 –> C
75 - 79 –> B+
<50 – F

• Write a program that display greatest of three numbers using if statement accept
input from user.
 CONT..
• Write a program that accepts three numbers from the user and
prints "increasing" if the numbers are in increasing order,
"decreasing" if the numbers are in decreasing order and "Neither
increasing nor decreasing order" otherwise.

• Write a program to calculate sum, average and check your grade

status, if pass or fail.

Hint: accept at least three course marks then calculate the total,
and average of your mark, the status will be based on average
value. Display the total mark, average and status.
2. ITERATION OR LOOPING STATEMENTS

 it is required to repeatedly evaluate a statement or a whole block

of statements with increment/decrement of some data in order to
arrive at a result.
 Repeated evaluation of statements is called iteration and
recursion. However, iteration is about looping.
 C++ provides several
types of iteration 1. for statements, and
statements: 2. while statements,
3. do … while statements,
 2.1. THE FOR LOOP
• The for loop iterates a section of C++ code for a fixed number of times
• The for loop runs as long as the test condition is true.
for ( init; cond; inc /dec ) {
statement;
}
 CONT’D
The for Statement
 Problem: print numbers 1 through 10 on standard output
 Solution using for statement

#include <iostream.h>
int main()
{
int counter;
for (counter = 1; counter <= 10; counter++)
cout << counter << endl;
return(0);
}
 (CONT’D)

The for Statement (cont’d)

control limiting value of
variable control variable

for (counter = 1; counter <= 10; counter++)

for initial value of updating

keyword control variable control variable
Example: This code displays even numbers from 0 to 100:

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
for (int i=1;i<=100;i++){
if(i %2==0){
cout<<i <<endl;
}
}
}
 2.2. THE WHILE LOOP
Syntax: while (conditional expression)
statements;
 This implies the statement following it will be carried out as long as the
conditional expression evaluates true, i.e. it is more than zero.
E.g. let variables n, i and Sum are declared as integers. The number n is
initialized as 10, Sum as 0 and i as 0.
while (i <= n)
Sum += i++;
cout << “Sum 0 to 10 = ” << Sum <<endl;
 The process is repeated again and again till i =10. So Sum will become 0 + 1
+ 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10 = 55.
 After the loop is over, Sum 0 to 10 = 55 will be printed.
 (CONT)

 Problem: print numbers 1 upto 10 on standard output

 Solution using while statement
#include <iostream.h>
int main()
{
int counter;
counter = 1;
while (counter <= 10)
{
cout << counter << endl;
counter++;
}
return 0;
}
(CONT’D)
/*Calculate the average of 5 numbers. */

#include <iostream.h>

int main()
{
float average;
int Number,counter=0,sum=0;
while(counter<5)
{
cout <<“\n Enter the number”;
cin>>Number;
sum=sum+Number;
counter++;
}
average=sum/5;
cout<<“\n The average is:”<<average;
return 0;
}
WHAT WILL BE THE OUTPUT?
counter = 0;
while (counter < 5)
{
cout << "\nI love ice cream!";
counter++;
}

WHAT ABOUT THIS ONE?

counter = 0;
while (counter < 5)
{
cout << "\nI love ice cream!";
}
 2.3 THE DO-WHILE STATEMENT

In short: executes body once then

repeatedly executes body while condition remains true

do keyword do
{
(single statement or
compound statement)
body
{ statement(s);

}
while (condition);

while
keyword
}
condition
(enclosed in must
parenthesis) Have ;
 (CONT’D)

 Problem: print numbers 1 through 10 on standard output

 Solution using do-while statement
#include <iostream.h>
int main()
{
int counter;
counter = 1;
do
{
cout << counter << endl; loop body
counter++;
}
while (counter <= 10);
return 0;
}
true
condition

false
EX. THE SUM OF ANY NUMBER OF INTEGERS ENTERED
BY THE USER.

int number,sum=0;
char loop_response;
do
{
cout << "\n Enter the number? ";
cin >> number;
sum+=number;
cout << "\nDo you want to do it again? y or n ";
cin >> loop_response;
} while (loop_response == 'y');
cout<<“\n The sum is :”<<sum;
 // print lowercase alphabet.
char ch = `a';
do
{
cout << ch << ` `;
ch++;
} while ( ch <= `z' );
 FLOW OF CONTROL

while versus do-while

#include <iostream.h> #include <iostream.h>
int main() int main()
{ {
int counter; int counter;
counter = 1; counter = 1;
while (counter <= 10) do
{ {
cout << counter << endl; cout << counter << endl;
counter++; counter++;
} } while (counter <= 10);
return(0); return(0);
} }
3. JUMPING STATEMENTS

 Loop control statements or jumping statements change execution

from its normal sequence.
 When execution leaves a scope, all automatic objects that were
created in that scope are destroyed.
 C++ supports the following jumping statements:
1. goto statements,
2. break statements,
3. continue statements, and
3.1. THE GOTO STATEMENT
 CONTINUED

• The code goto is used for moving back and forth in the program.
Therefore, for using goto statement one needs to put in a label.
• Syntax:
EXAMPLE : GOTO STATEMENT AS A
LOOPING
int main(){
int n , m;
cout<<“Write and enter two integers: ” ;
cin>> n >> m;
cout<< “You have written the numbers as n= ”<<n <<“
and m = ”<<m <<endl;
Again: //The label Again, see colon at end.
if(n < m) n++; else m++;
if(n == m)
cout<<“Now m = ” << m<<“ and n = ” << n<<“\n”;
else
goto Again; //Jump back to Again making a loop
return 0;
}
3.2. THE BREAK STATEMENT

• A break statement may appear inside a loop (while, do, or for)

or a switch statement.
• It causes a jump out of these constructs, and hence terminates
them.
• A break statement only applies to the loop or switch immediately
enclosing it.
• It is an error to use the break statement outside a loop or a
switch.
CONTINUED
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
if (i == 4) {
break;
}
cout << i << "\n";
}
return 0;
}
 3.3. THE CONTINUE STATEMENT
• continue statement causes the loop to skip the rest of its body
and immediately retest its condition prior to reiterating.
• For the for loop, continue causes the conditional test and
increment portions of the loop to execute.
• For the while and do...while loops, program control passes to
the conditional tests.
• It is an error to use the continue statement outside a loop.
E.G. C++ PROGRAM TO DISPLAY INTEGER FROM 1 TO 10 EXCEPT 6
AND 9.
 BREAK VS. CONTINUE
The continue statement works somewhat like the break statement.
Instead of forcing termination, however, continue forces the next iteration
of the loop to take place, skipping any code in between.
 QUIZ
 Write a program that calculates sum of numbers from 1 to 100.
 Write a program that displays numbers between 0 -100 that are
divisible by 2, 3, and 5. The numbers displayed should be those
that can be divided by 2, 3, and 5 without remainder.
 Write a program that calculates factorial using for loop, while
loop and do while loops. The program should accept the number
and then perform the calculation of the factorial.
 Write a while loop that prints the average of numbers from 1 to
10