Technological University of the Philippines- Manila

Social Science Department

GEC3 THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

CHAPTER V
GLOBAL CITY AND
GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY

By: N. Bunye
This Chapter:

1. Identify the attributes of global city

2. Analyze how global cities serve as engines for globalization
3. Introduce global demography as a trend in today’s global condition;
4. Find out and analyze the cause and effect of migration in a country.
 GLOBAL CITY
It is main physical and geographic playground of the globalizing forces.
There is ascendance of information technologies and the associated
increase in the mobility and liquidity of capital.
There is a cross- border economic processes- flows of capital, labor,
goods, raw materials, tourists.

Characteristics (Sassen, 2005)

1. Cultural diversity of people

2. Existence of a center of economy
3. Geographic dispersal of economic activities
4. Global reach performance.
Another attribute of global city is being
POST-INDUSTRIAL.
 According to VAL Colic-Peisker, “one of
the conditions of the status of the global
city is to stop making things and switch to
handling and shifting money and ideas”

Zukin describes the process of switching to

a ‘service economy’ as a ‘cultural turn’ in
the advanced societies
Gabriela Rico summarizes the United Nations Human Settlements
Program’s (UN-Habitat) World Cities Report by identifying the following
as the key trends that characterize global urbanization for the past twenty
years.

uneven urbanization
growing decentralization
expanding informal settlements
record high inequality
 forced migration
rising urban insecurity”
High housing cost
 Metro Manila

Population – 12. 8 million as per the 2015 Census

Daytime- 15 million in daytime

Manila- capital of the Philippines has 1.78 million population

Tondo 38%, Sampaloc 20.7% and Santa Ana 10.7%
 1.5 million informal settlers

urban poor who have been

left with no choice but to
utilize idle public and private
lands.
OTHER PROBLEMS:

Traffic Jams
Crammed Trains
 Chris Hudson identifies global cities as “command in the global
economy”

He echoed the categorization of global cities into tiers:

I. “truly global cities”
II. Second tiers
III. Third tiers
IV. Fourth tiers
 Truly Global Cities
They have established the most powerful global FINANCIAL
ARTICULATIONS.

London
New York
The Routledge International Handbook of Globalization Studies
Second Tier
Cities

Cities identified by level of their

MULTINATIONAL ARTICULATIONS.
 Miami
 Los Angeles
 Frankfurt
 Amsterdam
 Singapore

The Routledge International Handbook of Globalization Studies

 Third Tier Cities
Distinguished by the importance of their NATIONAL
ARTICULATIONS.
 Paris
 Zurich
 Madrid
 Sydney
 Seoul
The Routledge International Handbook of Globalization Studies
 Fourth Tier Cities
SUBNATIONAL AND REGIONAL
ARTICULATIONS
 Osaka-Kobe to Kansai Region in
Japan
 Hong Kong
 Pearl River Delta in China

The Routledge International Handbook of Globalization Studies

 International Union for the
Scientific Study of Population

GLOBAL
DEMOGRAPHY
 Global Demography
The transition from the period of high birth and high
death rates to the era of lower birth and lower death
rates, as people engage in the process of
industrialization from agrarian or pre-industrial
beginning.
 Ronald Lee
Before the start of the demographic transition,
life was short, births were many,
growth was slow and the population was young.
During the transition,
first mortality and then fertility declined,
causing population growth rates to accelerate and then to
slow again, moving toward low fertility, long life, and an old
population.
 DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL
Classical
Pre- transition High birth rates and high
fluctuating death rates
Early transition The population starts to grow
rapidly
Late Transition Birth rate starts to decline
Post transiton Low birth and low death rates
Aging Population Fertility rates have fallen
below the replacement of two
children
Drew Grover Stages
Stage 1 Population size "remains fairly constant"
Stage 2 A period of modern medicine that helps lower
death rates resulting in rapid population growth
Stage 3 Birth rates gradually decrease
Stage 4 The birth rate, as well as the death rate, is low.
Countries in this stage "tend to have stronger
economies, higher levels of education, better
health care, and a higher proportion of working
women and a fertility rate hovering around two
children per women"
Stage 5 The elderly population outnumber the young
population in this stage
Managed Migration as a solution to Global
population stability.

Young migrants from populous

Third World Countries can help
solve the problem of labor
shortage in First World Countries
as a result of aging population and
low fertility rates.
 Philippines has to resolve these challenges;

 Slow reduction in fertility rate particularly in poorest households

 High unemployment and underemployment among the young workers (20- 24 years old
group)

How?
 Need to achieve lower fertility rate (lesser birth rates), with this the country’s population will
start to stabilize and the government will be able to maximize resources for all citizens
 GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
FACTORS THAT WOULD AFFECT
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
(Livi-Bacci)

1. Man-made disasters
2. Emergence of new deadly
diseases (HIV, EBOLA, H1N1, SARS,
Covid19)
3. Rising cost of health care system
4. Demographic aging
Global
Migration and
Labor Export
Global
Factors:
Socio-political, economic
and ecological factors are

Migration the main forces driving

migration.
Socio-political factors

Includes ethnic, religious, racial,

and cultural persecution.
> Individuals migrating due to
social or political conditions are
more likely to do so as
humanitarian migrants
 Economic Factors

Economic Factors that drive people to migrate

include poverty and lack ample job opportunities and
social mobility in the Third World and First World
corporate for cheap labor.
 Ecological Factors

Pushes individuals to migrate, climate

change is the most serious.
 Labor Export Policy (LEP) through
Presidential Decree (PD) 442, also
known as the Labor Code of 1974.
Book 1, Article 12.

Institutionalized by President
Ferdinand E. Marcos
THE PHILIPPINES’ LABOR EXPORT
POLICY ( LEP)
PD 442 ( LABOR CODE OF 1974)
‘ To Strengthen The Network Of Public
Employment Offices And Placement Of
Workers, Locally And Overseas, To Serve
National Development Objectives”
Push Factors From Homeland
Pull Factors To The Destination
• Unemployment Country
• Social Unrest/ Rebellion
• Political Crisis Better Working Conditions
• Poverty
• Minimum Wages High Standard Of Living
• Poor Living Condition
• Corruption In The Attractive Compensation Package
Government
• Lack Of Employment High Salary
Opportunities
• Social Mobility More Employment Opportunities
• Government Policies
 Year OFW Remittances in US Dollars
1989 1 001 911 000
1990 1 203 009 000
1991 1 649 374 000
1992 2 221 788 000
1993 2 276 395 000
1994 3 008 747 000
1995 3 868 578 000
1996 4 306 491 000
1997 5 741 835 000
1998 7 367 989 000
1999 6 021 219 000
2000 6 050 450 000

OFW’s
2001 6 031 271 000
2002 6 886 156 000
2003 7 578 458 000
2004 8 550 371 000

Remittances 2005
2006
2007
10 689 005 000
12 761 308 000
14 449 928 000
2008 16 426 854 000
2009 17 348 052 000
2010 18 762 989 000
2011 20 116 992 000
2012 21 391 333 000
2013 22 984 035 000
2014 24 628 058 000
2015 25 606 830 000
2016 26 899 840 000
The Philippines provides the
Third highest number of staff
in United Kingdom’s much-
praised National Health
Service.

Overall, 12 744, Filipino

Health Workers contribute to
the sector.
 THE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF THE
LEP IN THE PHILIPPINE ECONOMY

 Neglect / Failure To Modernize Manufacturing

And Agricultural Sector
 Negative Balance Of Trade ( Export Vs Import)
 Poor Investments In Infrastructure, Agriculture,
Mining And Social Development
 Inability To Pursue Sound
Long Term Economic
Progress
 EXPLOITATION OF THE OVERSEAS FILIPINO
WORKERS

 Low Salaries/Below the Minimum Wages in host country

 Less compensation and benefits
 Racial Discrimination
 Physical abuse and maltreatment/death
 Involvement in the transnational crimes ( drug mules)
Threats on the Labor Export Policy

Deskilling of migrant labor in

many immigration countries
THE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF THE
LEP

Social Cost of Labor Export on

1. BRAIN DRAIN PROBLEM/ High
Families of OFWs
Human Development Index( HDI) in
1. Broken Marriages
the host countries like UK, US, 2. Drug Addiction
Japan etc. 3. Sexual Immorality
4. School Drop-outs
2. Shortage of health professional/
5. Suicide
full-blown crisis in the health care 6. Psychological Breakdown
system
The End….

Prepare for the MEx next week.

Coverage: Chapter 3,4, and 5
MS Forms