Introduction to

Criminal Justice
A Brief Edition

Chapter 4
The History and Organization
of Law Enforcement
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THE HISTORY AND ORGANIZATION
OF LAW ENFORCEMENT
• As social groups became larger, _________
became required to deal with situations
that did not respond to______________.
• The institution of police is a relatively new
phenomenon.
• The police are subject________________.

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A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE POLICE

Early Policing in England

• The law enforcement function has
existed in one form or another for
___________ of years.
• The form of policing that most
directly led to that of modern US
policing was__________________.

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A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE POLICE

Early Policing in England

• Henry and John Fielding organized
the_____________, which was more
centralized than the watch-and-ward
system.

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 Early Policing in England
• Sir Robert Peel convinced the British
government to pass the
___________________ which created a
permanent, public police force.

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A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE POLICE

Early Policing in England

• English policing contributed three
features to US policing…
1.
2.
3.

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A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE POLICE

Early Policing in the United States

• Policing in the United States
– Informal policing:
– Modern policing:

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A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE POLICE

Early Policing in the United States

• Policing in the United States
– Chicago
– Different from other police organizations in
four respects…
1.
2.
3.
4.
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A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE POLICE

Introduction of Police Professionalism

Reformers & Reform Efforts

• The Pendleton Civil Service Act of
1883
• The Wickersham Commission &
August Vollmer
• J. Edgar Hoover

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A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE POLICE

End of the 20th Century to Today

• September 11 affected law enforcement,
whose mission has been radically altered by
demands to meet the threat of terrorism.
• Law enforcement has changed in three
ways:
1.
2.
3.

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LEVELS OF LAW ENFORCEMENT

• Federal level

• State level

• Local level

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Figure 4.3 The 10 Largest Local Police Departments by Total Number of Full-
Time Sworn Personnel, 2013
Source: Brian A. Reaves, Local Police Departments 2013 (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2015), 14.

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LEVELS OF LAW ENFORCEMENT

Requirements to Become
a Police Officer

• Each department, be it statewide,

urban, or rural, has its own set of
requirements for applicants, but these
tend to follow similar lines for physical
conditioning and ability, age, education,
and personal legal history.
• KCPD Link

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STRATEGIES IN POLICING
• Wilson’s Three Styles of
Policing
– watchman style
– legalistic style
– service style

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STRATEGIES IN POLICING

Community Policing
• Recalls the watchman style
• Attempts to harness community resources and
residents in stopping crime and maintaining order
• Covers a vast array of activities
• https://www.kshb.com/news/safe-kc/progress-co
ntinues-in-kcpds-vision-for-community-policing

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 STRATEGIES IN POLICING

Problem-oriented Policing
• Related to community policing
• Expands the officer's role:
• Allows agencies:

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STRATEGIES IN POLICING

Zero-tolerance Policing
• A refinement of problem-oriented
policing
• Based on:

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All rights reserved