Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 1 (Quality)
Chapter 1 (Quality)
Chapter 1 (Quality)
Concept of Quality
History of Quality
• Skilled craftsmanship: during Middle Ages quality
depends on skill of apprentice, journeyman, and
master.
• Industrial Revolution: rise of 100 % inspection and
separate quality departments (Productivity and cost
consideration begins)
• Quality Control during World War II
• Quality Assurance
• QMS and Lean, Six Sigma
Historical Development in Quality
Quality Management
System/TQM
• Quality planning
• Customer Satisfaction
• Supplier Relationship
Quality Assurance • Involving people
• Process control • continual Improvement
• 7 tools of Quality • Process based approach
• Supplier • Organization wide quality
assessment
Quality Control • Product Certification
• Product
Testing and
Inspection
Product • SQC
inspection
Quality Management: Vocabulary
“Quality: Degree to which a set of inherent
characteristics fulfils requirements”
value-based Design
products
and manufacturing-
based
services
Manufacturing
Distribution
Information flow
Product flow
Definitions
• Transcendent—“Quantity cannot be defined, you know
what it is.” or Excellence
• Product-based—“Differences in quality amount to
differences in the quantity of some desired ingredient or
attribute.”
• User-based—“Quality consists of the ability to satisfy
wants.” or “In the final analysis of the market place, the
quality of a product depends on how well it fits patterns of
consumer preference.” or
• “Quality is fitness for use.” (Juran 1974)
Contd…
Manufacturing-based—“Quality (means) conformance
to requirements.” (Crosby 1979) or “Quality is the degree
to which a specific product conforms to a design or
specification.”
Value-based—“Quality is the degree of excellence at an
acceptable price and the control of variability at an
acceptable cost.”
ISO 9000:2015 : “Degree to which a set of inherent
characteristics of an object fulfill requirements.”
Gurus of Quality
1. Dr. Walter Shewhart
2. W. Edwards Deming
3. Philip B. Crosby
4. Joseph M. Juran
5. Kaoru Ishikawa
6. Armand V. Feigenbaum
7. Genichi Taguchi
Dr. Walter Shewhart(1891–1967)
Believe in decision should be made on perfect knowledge of
the situation.
Stage 1:
Get the process under control by identifying and
eliminating the sources of uncontrolled variation.
Remove the special causes responsible for the
variation.
Contd…
Stage 2:
Once the special causes have been removed and the
process is stable, improve the process. Investigate
whether or not waste exists in the process. Tackle the
common causes responsible for the controlled variation
present in the process. Determine if process changes
can remove them from the process.
Stage 3:
Monitor the improved process to determine if the
changes made are working.
Joseph M. Juran(1904–2008)
• creating awareness of the need to improve,
• making quality improvement an integral part of each
job,
• providing training in quality methods,
• establishing team problem solving, and
• recognizing results.
Contd…
Juran’s Trilogy on Quality:
Quality planning
Establish quality goals
Identify who the customers are
Determine the needs of the customers
Develop product features that respond to customers’
needs
Develop processes able to produce the product features
Establish process controls; transfer the plans to the
operating forces
Contd…
Quality Control
• Evaluate actual performance
• Compare actual performance with quality goals
Quality Improvement
• Prove the need
Higher profitability
Quality Function
Deployment
• QFD is a methodology used to ensure that customers’
requirements (Voice of Customer) are met throughout the
product design process and in the design and operation of
production systems.
• QFD is both a philosophy and a set of planning and
communication tools that focuses on customer
requirements in coordinating the design, manufacturing,
and marketing of goods.
Contd…
• QFD helps product objectives to be understood and
interpreted correctly during the production process.