Angle and Distance Measurement

Tim Dosen Ilmu Ukur Tanah

DTS FTUI
Semester Gasal 2020/2021
Outline
Angle Measurement

• Angles type
• Equipments for angle measurement
• Angle measurement

Distance Measurement

• Methods for Distance measurement

• Systematic Error in Taping
Angle Measurement
Reference: Surveying Principles and Applications Ninth Edition by Barry Kavanagh
and Tom Mastin
Angles Type

Azimuth
Horizontal
Angle
Bearing
Angle
Zenith
Vertical
Angle
Nadir
Angle Measurement

• Angles in surveying are measured

with a transit/theodolite or total
station, although angles can also be
measured less precisely with
clinometers, sextants (hydrographic
surveys), or compasses.
• Sudut yang diukur
• Sudut horizontal
• Sudut vertikal
• Sudut azimuth/jurusan
Vertical Angles

Vertical angles, are

referenced to the (1)
horizon by plus (up) or
minus (down) angles, (2)
zenith, or (3) nadir.

Nadir Direction
Horizontal Angles: Closed and Open Traverse
• Angles can be measured between lines
forming a closed traverse, between
lines forming an open traverse, or
between a line and a point so that the
point’s location may be determined.
• For all closed polygons of n sides, the
sum of the interior angles will be (n -
2)180°.
• In practical field problems, however, Closed Traverse
the total is usually marginally more or
less than (n - 2)180°, and it is then up
to the surveyor to determine if the
error of angular closure is within
tolerances as specified for that survey.
Open Traverse
Horizontal Angle: Azimuth

•  An azimuth is the direction of a line as

given by an angle measured clockwise
(usually) from the north end of a meridian
• Azimuths range in magnitude from 0° to
360°
• Sudut jurusan dari suatu titik A searah
jarum jam ke titik B dinyatakan dengan
• Sudut jurusan dari suatu titik B searah
jarum jam ke titik A dinyatakan dengan
Horizontal Angle: Bearing

• A bearing is the direction of a line

as given by the acute angle
between the line and a meridian.
• The bearing angle, which can be
measured clockwise or
counterclockwise from the north
or south end of the meridian, is
always accompanied by letters that
locate the quadrant in which the
line falls (NE, NW, SE, or SW).
Relationships between Azimuths and Bearings

Azimuth Bearing
0-5 58°20’ N 58°20’ E
0-6 90° + 65°10’ S 24°50’ E
0-7 180° + 27°30’ S 27°30’ W
0-8 270° + 79°15’ N 10°45’ W
Reverse Azimuths and Bearings

Reverse Bearings

Reverse Azimuths
Reverse Azimuths and Bearings

• Before azimuths or bearings are

computed, it is usual to check that the
figure is geometrically closed: that the
sum of the interior angles = (n -
2)180°.
• Using the given azimuth and the angle
at B, the azimuth of BC can be
computed (counterclockwise
direction); or using the given azimuth
and the angle at A, the azimuth of AE
can be computed (clockwise direction).
Calculation of Azimuths using Counterclockwise Direction
Declination

• The magnetic needle does not

point to the North-South pole
but to the North-South pole of
the magnet (there are
deviations)
• This deviation is expressed as
a declination
• The declination is the angle
formed from the direction of
the magnetic needle to the true
North-South of the earth
Distance Measurement
Reference: Surveying Principles and Applications Ninth Edition by Barry Kavanagh
and Tom Mastin
 Pacing

Measurement of Horizontal Distance

Odometer

Direct
Accuracy: 1/100
• Distances can be measured Taping

by various methods
Horizontal Distance Tacheometry
Measurement (stadia)

Accuracy: 1/5.000
EDM

Indirect
Accuracy: 1/100
Scaling from a map

Accuracy: 1/100.000
Measurement of Horizontal Distance
Pacing Odometer Tacheometry
• Determine the pace length • Give fairly reliable • Measure indirect distances
by walking over a line of distances along highways by the use of optical
known length several times • Used for preliminary surveying instruments in
(pace length depends on surveys conjunction with
age, sex, and topography) • Attached to vehicles measuring bars or rods
• Suitable for a small scale • Measurements are
survey where high sufficiently accurate
accuracy is not required
Tape

• Suitable for construction work

especially for layout purposes
• Steel tape gives moderate
accurate results
• Additional equipments: two
plumb bobs, line rods, taping
pins, hand level for hilly
ground
EDM
Pulse Method

• Based on the invariant velocity

of light or electromagnetic
waves in vacuum
• Give very accurate results
• EDMs are incorporated into Phase Difference Method

total stations coaxially with the

instruments’ optical system
during the manufacturing
process
Horizontal Measurement with Tape
The measurement begins with the head surveyor carrying the zero end of the tape forward
toward the final point

At this point, the rear surveyor calls “tape” to alert the head surveyor to stop walking and to
prepare for measuring

The rear surveyor holds the appropriate graduation (e.g., 100.00 ft 30.000 m), or other
appropriate even unit graduation, against the mark from which the measurement is being
taken.

The head surveyor, after ensuring that the tape is straight, slowly increases tension to the
proper amount and then marks the ground with a chaining pin or other marker.

Once the mark has been made, both surveyors repeat the measuring procedure to check the
measurement
Horizontal Measurement with Tape
If the ground is not level (determined by estimation or by the use of a hand level), one or both
surveyors must use a plumb bob
Standard Taping Condition

• Standard taping conditions are

shown on the right:
• When standard conditions are not
present, systematic errors will be
introduced into the tape
measurements.
Systematic Error in Taping
• All measurements (except for counting) must contain some errors.
• Surveyors must use measuring techniques that minimize random errors to acceptable levels,
and they must make corrections to systematic errors that can affect the accuracy of the survey

Fluctuations in
Incorrect length Tape not
the temperature Incorrect tension
of tape horizontal
of the tape

Incorrect
Sag in the tape Tape not straight
alignment
Systematic Error Error
Systematic in Taping
in Tapping
Incorrect length of tape
Systematic Slope
Error in Taping
Corrections
Tape not horizontal

• To convert slope distances to

horizontal distances, either the
slope angle (a) or the vertical
distance (difference in elevation)
must also be known
Examples
Systematic Error in Taping
Changes in Temperature
• Tapes are standardized at 68°F, or 20°C. Temperatures other than standard result in
an erroneous tape length.
• The thermal coefficient of the expansion of steel (k) is or 0.0000116 per unit
length per degree Celsius (°C). The general formula is:
Systematic Error Error
Systematic in Taping
in Tapping
Tension

If a tension other than standard is applied, a tension (pull) error exists. The tension
correction formula is:
Systematic Error Error
Systematic in Taping
in Tapping
Sag

If a tape has been standardized while fully supported and is being used without
full support, an error called sag occurs. The force of gravity pulls the center of the
unsupported section downward in the shape of a catenary, thus creating an error B
′B.
Systematic Error Error
Systematic in Taping
in Tapping
Incorrect Alignment
Systematic Error in Taping
Tape not straight
Example
Example
Latihan 3