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Everything in the Universe

is made up of
MATTER and ENERGY.
Matter is anything that has MASS and takes up SPACE.

Examples of
matter:
 How can we know if something is matter or not? Ask yourself:

Can we weigh it on any Does it occupy a volume?

scale?

If the answer is ‘yes’ then it has MASS

If the answer is ‘yes’ then it takes up SPACE

If it has mass and takes up space… it is matter !!

 Then...

What do you think

are examples
of non-matter?

Clue: there have to be things that do not have volume or mass.

Volume Mass
Examples of things that are not matter:

Emotions: Love, hate, and happiness are feelings.

They don’t have mass or occupy volume.
Memories: Like emotions, these are non-matter.
Dreams: Again, you can’t weigh them on a balance or enclose them in a container.
Vacuum: a vacuum is a place that does not contain any matter.
Energy: Light, heat, kinetic and potential energy, and sound are
non-matter because they don’t have mass.
Time: Time can be measured, but it has no mass and occupies no volume.
Magnetism, gravity ...Forces, in general, are not matter.
Information: Information may be recorded in a physical form,
but it’s really just a concept.
Music: Music is sound, which is a form of energy.
Matter is made up of tiny particles called ATOMS.
How small
is an
atom?
Matter can be found in three different states:
 The particles in SOLIDS are close
together and vibrate in place.

For this reason:

• A solid has definite shape and
definite volume.
• A solid keeps its shape even
when it moves.

Department of Mathematics and Science

The particles in LIQUIDS are not as close as
the particles in solids and move more freely
than particles of solids.
For this reason:
• Liquids have a definite volume.
• Liquids take the shape of their container.
• Liquids can be poured from one container
to another.

Department of Mathematics and Science

The particles in GASES move freely in
all directions.
For this reason:
• Gases have no definite size or
shape.
• A gas will fill all the space inside a
container.
• Gases are easily compressed.

Department of Mathematics and Science

Experiment time Expansion of gases • Gases have no
With this experiment
experiment: we can observe how ... definite size
or shape.
• A gas will fill
all the space
The carbon dioxide released by the
inside a
baking soda and vinegar reaction
spreads out and fills the balloon. container.

Materials:
● Empty water bottle
● Balloon
● Small funnel
● 1 Tablespoon baking soda
● 1/2 cup vinegar

Fizzy drinks also contain gas

inside and can blow a balloon.
If you add a fizzy candy you
will even get more gas.
To summarize:
STATES OF MATTER
INDEFINITE VOLUME
and INDEFINITE SHAPE
They spread out to fill the
entire space.
The atoms move fast in all
directions. They move
around freely,
Definite = fixed
Indefinite = unfixed
DEFINITE VOLUME and DEFINITE VOLUME and
INDEFINITE shape DEFINITE SHAPE
They take the shape of
their container The atoms are very close.
The atoms move around The atoms can only
each other. vibrate.
They move enough to They move back and forth
slide past each other. in place.
Matter can change from one state to another if it is

heated or cooled

Adding or removing energy

matter can change its state:

Let’s see why:

 Matter can change its state if you raise or lower its temperature.

When the temperature increases, matter has more energy.

The extra energy causes the particles to move more.

The atoms move faster.

m a ke
t can ange
a
He gs ch e:
t
thin ir sta
the
 Matter can change its state if you raise or lower its temperature.

When the temperature decreases, matter has less energy.

Less energy causes the particles to vibrate less.

Atoms move more slowly.

m ake
d can ange
l
Co gs ch e:
t
thin ir sta
the

Frozen soap bubble

Changes of State
Depending on the temperature and pressure
matter can change from one state to another:

Solids can melt into liquids

can sublimate into gases

Inverse
sublimation Liquids can vaporize into gases
can freeze into solids

Gases can condense into liquids

can deposit into solids
 What examples can you think of?
When energy is added to This is Melting
solids, they can turn into called or Fusion
liquids!

Popsicle
melted Pouring
by the molten
heat iron

Melting Melting
crayons chocolate
When energy is added to liquids, What examples can you think of?
This is
Evaporation
called
they can turn into gases.

Evaporation happens when The sweat on your skin

some atoms escape from gains energy from the
the liquid and turn into gas. body and evaporates.
It happens faster if the liquid is hot.

Water from your wet hair

Drying clothes under the sun: water is removed Liquids from hot evaporates faster due to
from the clothes because water droplets get food evaporate the heat of the hairdryer.
evaporated due to the heat of the sun
 When a gas is cooled, it can What examples can you think of?
This is
Condensation
turn into a liquid. called

When a gas is cooled, it has It is the reverse of

less energy, its particles evaporation
move more slowly and come
closer together forming
droplets (a liquid).

+
Water cycle:
Evaporation
and
Condensation.
Water vapour hits a cold
surface (The pot lid) and
condensates forming
droplets of liquid water.
What has caused
the droplets of water
to appear
on the outside of this glass?

What has caused

the droplets of water
to appear
on the inside of the window?
When a liquid is cooled, it can This is
Solidification What examples can you think of?
turn into solid. called

Freezers remove the

heat from the food Casting metals to make metal pieces
until it is frozen.
Pouring the liquid
metal into the mold

+
When the liquid metal
is cooled , it solidifies
and finally the solid
metal piece is
extracted from the
mold
 s
m ple
Ex a
Sometimes matter can change Mothballs
directly without passing through slowly
the intermediate liquid phase: disappear
as they turn
into gas
from solid to gas Sublimation

or

from gas to solid Inverse

sublimation

When it is very cold,

water vapour in the air
changes directly to ice
without first becoming a
liquid.
Sublimation and Sublimation of dried
inverse sublimation of ice ( =frozen CO2)
iodine
Phase changes happen when you reach certain special points.

Each substance has unique temperature points at which it will boil, freeze, or melt.

In the case of water

 Take a look at these examples:

A candle wax becomes solid at

room temperature.
The freezing (solidifying) point of
wax is room temperature.

The melting point of pure

gold is 1.064 ºC

The freezing point of drinking

alcohol is -114 ºC

The boiling point of cooking oil

is about 300 ºC
 Evaporation is different from boiling

All liquids can evaporate at any temperature.

Evaporation happens when atoms or molecules

no bubbles are formed bubbles are formed
escape from the surface of the liquid and turn in the liquid in the liquid
into vapour.
 out why do we spread salt on the roads
d
Fin
in winter?
Physical properties of Matter
Physical properties of a material are qualities that can be Some physical properties
detected using our five senses or a measuring device. are:
● Flexibility
● Hardness
● Solubility
● Electrical conductivity
● Thermal conductivity
……...

Graduated
Thermometre Tape measure Scale
cylinder
Flexibility
It is the ability to bend without breaking
and return to its original shape after bending.

Fibreglass is flexible Metals are rigid

Hardness
It is the ability to scratch or resist
being scratched by other materials.

Scientists use Mohs Hardness Scale

to measure a mineral’s hardness.

Diamond is harder than talc

Gypsum is softer than quartz

A material can scratch another material

that is softer than itself.
Testing mineral
hardness using
Mohs Scale
Solubility
It is the ability of one substance to
dissolve into another substance.

Tea is soluble
in water

Sand is insoluble
in water

Tea dissolves in water Sand doesn’t dissolve in water

Electrical conductivity
It is the ability of a material to
conduct electricity.
Conductor materials,
like copper,
allow electric current
to pass through them

Insulator

Insulation materials,
like plastic,
don’t allow electric current
to pass through them
 The plastic
insulates your
fingers from the
electricity flowing
through wires.

Copper Plastic
conductor insulation
Electrical wires are
insulated with a
plastic cover
Experiment time We can build an electrical
circuit to test electrical
conductivity.

If the bulb lights, the object is a

conductor.
Thermal conductivity
It is the ability of a material to
conduct heat.
Metals are good thermal
conductors: they allow heat to flow
easily.
Wood, plastic and fabric are
good thermal insulators: they
don’t allow heat to flow easily.
Experiment time 1 2

Heat conduction Butter. Plastic, wood Boil some water

experiment. and metal spoons

Place the spoons in the water.

or 3
Place a slice of butter in each of
the spoons

Wait a few minutes and check

the butter

Which one do you think will melt

first?
Magnetism It is the ability of a material to be
attracted to a magnet.

Paper clips, made of

steel, are attracted Wood and glass are not
to a magnet. attracted to magnets.

They are magnetic. They are non-magnetic.

 Transparency It describes how well light passes through
a material.

Transparent

Translucent

We cannot see We can clearly see

through it We can partially see through it
through it
Opaque
Elasticity
It is the ability of a material to return
to its original size and shape after
being stretched.

Plasticine is non-elastic. It doesn’t return

to its original shape after being deformed.
Rubber band
An elastic material returns
to its original shape when the
force stops (after we stretch it).
Texture It is the property that describes how
the surface of a substance feels.

The surface of
a ceramic bowl The surface of the
feels smooth cement sidewalk
feels rough
The fur of a cat
feels soft/ fluffy
 Match the properties being tested:

1. Does electricity flow when the material is used to complete the circuit? ● Elasticity
2. Does the material stretch and then return to its original shape? ● Thermal conductivity
3. Does the material heat quite quickly? ● Electrical Conductivity

4. Is the material attracted to the magnet? ● Hardness

● Transparency
5. Can a penny scratch the material?
● Flexibility
6. Does light pass through the material?
● Magnetism
7. Does the material bend without breaking? ● Solubility
8. Does the material dissolve in water? ● Texture

9. How does the material feel when you touch it?

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