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6.1 Ways of communicating

6.2 Non-verbal communication
6.3 Written communication
6.4 Media for interpersonal communication
6.5 The right medium for a message
6.6 Dialogue and communication breakdown
6.7 Media ownership
6.8 Mass media in the Caribbean
6.9 National, regional and global media
6.10 Our cultural heritage
6.11 Regulation and media freedom
6.12 Protection of creative work

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 6.1 Ways of communicating

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 Sender, code, message, receiver

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 6.2 Non-verbal communication

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 Forms of communication
Non-verbal communication Verbal communication
• Pictograms • Speech
• Screams • Print
• Signals • Song
• Signs • Drama
• Gestures
• Posture
• Mime
• Art forms

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 6.3 Written communication

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 What are the messages here?

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 Ideograms helped develop writing

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 Books may use pictures and text

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 6.4 Media for interpersonal
communication

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 Progress in communication
Over the centuries,
communication has
become:
•Faster
•Less expensive
•Easier to use
•More varied
•More informative

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 6.5 The right medium for a
message

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 Which media are appropriate?
Consider these factors in the choice of media:
• Size of audience
• Distance to be covered
• Population density and terrain
• Language
• Social context and social or economic status
• Beliefs and customs
• Technology available
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 6.6 Dialogue and
communication breakdown

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 Dialogue and breakdown
• Good communication can ease a difficult
situation.
• Factors such as these can cause communication
to break down:
– Age or gender difference
– Beliefs, ideology or social status
– Unresolved conflict, mistrust or stress
– Language barriers
– Failure of equipment
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 Restoring good communication
• A trusted ‘third party’ may help, such as a
teacher, guidance counsellor, family member,
social worker or religious leader.
• So may family courts and other institutions.
• Processes used may include:
– Negotiation: both sides talk to each other.
– Mediation: a third party talks with each side.
– Arbitration: both sides put their case, and a third
party makes a binding decision.
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 6.7 Media ownership

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 Media ownership
Private ownership Government ownership
• Most Caribbean media today • Some media are still
are privately owned: government-owned.
– Some are owned by specialist
media companies.
• A few are public-private
– Some are owned by large partnerships.
conglomerates which own many • The BBC in the UK attempts
businesses.
to balance all points of view.
• Most media companies need to
• Some state-owned media
make a profit.
support the government.
• Most revenue comes from
advertisers, who may try to • Some receive a government
influence what is shown. subsidy to pay expenses.

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 6.8 Mass media in the
Caribbean

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 The mass media
• Mass media include:
– newspapers
– radio
– television
– film
– some internet media
• Mass media aim to reach a large audience.

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 Caribbean mass media
• Most countries now have a wide range of
media.
• The Weekly Jamaica Courant was published
from 1718.
• Radio was widespread from the 1920s and TV
from the 1950s and 1960s.
• Internet, new media and multi-channel TV
were available from the 1990s and 2000s.

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 Media and Caribbean integration
• Some media companies operate in many
Caribbean countries.
• The internet allows access to newspapers, radio
and other media from across the region.
• Social media allow people to make friends and
contacts in many countries.
• Government, business and sporting organisations
can use the media to promote regional activities.

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 6.9 National, regional and
global media

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 National, regional and global media
• International media, including religious and
educational texts, have helped shape
Caribbean culture for many centuries.
• Caribbean culture draws on elements from
Africa, Asia, Europe and the Americas.
• Since the 1990s, there has been easy access to
international media through the Internet,
satellite and cable TV, and other means.
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 Contrasting views on global media
Positive Negative
•Educational •Trashy
•Informative •Foreign
•Entertaining •Undermines Caribbean
•New ideas culture
•Many cultures •Should be censored
•Makes you think •Creates appetite for
imported luxury goods

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 6.10 Our cultural heritage

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 How culture is transmitted
Culture may be transmitted, transformed or
developed by:
– cultural groups
– artists
– mass media
– social media
– institutions

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 Contributions to world culture
• Derek Walcott
• VS Naipaul
• Bob Marley
• Reggae, dance hall
• Calypso, steel pan
• Carnival
• Athletics
• Cricket

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 6.10 Regulation and media
freedom

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 Regulation and media freedom
• Caribbean constitutions guarantee free
expression.
• There may be some restrictions, for example:
– in the interests of defense, public safety, public
order, public morality or public health
– to protect rights or freedoms of other persons
– on public officers, police, or military personnel
• Radio and TV stations must have a license to
operate.
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 Libel and slander
• An unjustified statement which damages
someone’s reputation may be libel or slander.
• Libel covers print and electronic media.
• Slander covers speech.
• A person who makes a damaging statement
must be able to prove that it is true.
• Anyone guilty of libel or slander may have to
pay substantial damages or compensation.
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 Codes of ethics
In many countries, the media are governed by a
code of ethics. These may:
– promote accurate reporting
– restrict sex and violence in the media
– protect the rights of children and crime victims
– prevent unfair references to race, religion, sex or
sexual orientation, or to a disability

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 6.12 Protection of creative
work

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 Protection of creative work
• Authors, musicians, artists, software
developers, and others use time and talent to
develop creative work.
• They have a right to benefit from their work.
• The law of copyright prevents others from
using creative work without permission.
• National laws are backed by international
treaties, such as the Trips Agreement.
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