ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Almahsud I. Juhassan

Shawn Michael M. Awid

 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

 The endocrine system includes all of the glands of the body and
the hormones produced by those glands.


 The glands are controlled directly by stimulation from the nervous
system as well as by chemical receptors in the blood and hormones
produced by other glands.


 These glands helps maintaining the body’s homeostasis.


 Cellular metabolism, reproduction, sexual development, sugar and
mineral homeostasis, heart rate, and digestion are among the
processes regulated by the actions of hormones.
 ANATOMY OF THE
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 HYPOTHALAMUS
 Is a part of the brain located superior and anterior to the brain stem
and inferior to the thalamus.

 It serves many different functions in the nervous system, and is also

responsible for the direct control of the endocrine system through
the pituitary gland.

 The hormones from the hypothalamus govern physiologic functions

such as temperature regulation, thirst, hunger, sleep, mood, sex
drive, and the release of the hormones within the body.
 PITUITARY GLAND

 Also known as the hypophysis, it is connected to the inferior portion
of the hypothalamus in the brain.


 Many blood vessels surround the pituitary gland to carry the
hormones it releases throughout the body.


 Has three separate sections: Posterior, Anterior, and Intermediate
 Produces critical hormones, which are chemical substances that

control various bodily functions.


 Master Gland
 PINEAL GLAND

 Is a small pinecone-shape mass of glandular tissue found just
posterior to the thalamus of the brain.


 Produces hormones melatonin that helps to regulate the human sleep-
wake cycle known as circadian rhythm.


 Increased melatonin production causes humans to feel drowsy at
night time when the pineal gland is active.
 THYROID GLAND
 Is a butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck and
wrapped around the lateral sides of trachea.

 Produces 3 major hormones: Calcitonin, Triiodothyronine (T3) and

Thyroxine (T4).


 Calcitonin- reduces the concentration of calcium ions

 The hormones T3 & T4 work together to regulate the body’s

metabolic rate.
 PARATHYROID GLAND

 Are four small masses of glandular tissue found on the posterior side
of the thyroid gland.


 The parathyroid gland produces hormone, which is involved in
calcium ion homeostasis. PTH is released from the parathyroid gland
when calcium ion levels in the blood drops below a set point.


 PTH stimulates the osteoclasts to breakdown the calcium containing
bone matrix to release free calcium ions into the bloodstream.
 ADRENAL GLAND

 Are a pair of roughly triangular glands found immediately superior
to the kidneys.


 Are each made of two distinct layers, each with their own unique
functions: Outer Adrenal Cortex and Inner Adrenal Medulla.


 Produces hormones called Adrenaline.
 REPRODUCTIVE GLANDS
(FEMALE)


 A woman's 2 ovaries are located on each side of the uterus, just below
the opening of the fallopian tubes (tubes that extend from the uterus to
near the ovaries).


 The ovaries contain the egg cells needed for reproduction. They also
make estrogen and progesterone. These affect many of the female
characteristics and reproductive functions. Estrogens also play an
important role in bone health and strength. The levels of estrogen and
progesterone are controlled by certain hormones made by the pituitary
gland.
 REPRODUCTIVE GLANDS
(MALE)

 The 2 testes are oval-shaped organs that hang suspended in a pouch

of skin (scrotum) outside the male body.

 The testes are the site of sperm production. They also make
testosterone and other hormones. These affect many of the male
characteristics and support sperm production. Testosterone also plays
an important role in bone health and strength.
 PANCREAS
 The pancreas is a glandular organ in the upper abdomen, but really it
serves as two glands in one: a digestive exocrine gland and a hormone-
producing endocrine gland.

 Exocrine gland, the pancreas excretes enzymes to break down the

proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids in food. Endocrine
gland, the pancreas secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon to
control blood sugar levels throughout the day. Both of these diverse
functions are vital to the body’s survival.

 The pancreas maintains the body’s blood glucose (sugar) balance.

Primary hormones of the pancreas include insulin and glucagon, and
both regulate blood glucose.