Intelligent transportation system

INTRODUCTIO
N
Traffic problems are a bugbear in most metropolises
around the world. Statistics are routinely circulated about the city
worst hit by traffic congestion . However, even periodic traffic
surveys and studies, as well as the imposition of regulations fail to
yield appropriate solutions. In this grim scenario, the transportation
engineer came up with grade separators concept, becoming very
common now.
Grade separation is the process of
aligning a junction of two or more transport axes at different
heights (grades) so that they will not disrupt the traffic flow on
other transit routes when they cross each other.
 The composition of such transport axes does not have to be
uniform; it can consist of a mixture of roads, footpaths, railways,
canals, or airport runways. Bridges, tunnels, or a combination of
both can be built at a junction to achieve the needed grade
separation.
GRADE SEPERATIONS : A grade separation Is two arrangement of
taking one road over or under another by means of bridge. It is
also known as flyover junction. In this type there is no physical
connection between two separated road ways.
Interchange is used to indicate a grade separation having
facility traffic to pass from one intersecting to road to other.
This connection of roads is done by means of ramps.
The grade separators are mainly divided in to two categories i.e.
OVERPASSES
UNDERPASSES
OVERPASSES term used to describe the roads crossing
over any other road. It can be a bridge, flyover or any other similar
structure.
UNDERPASSES used to describe a passage underneath
something, especially a section of road that passes under another
road or a railroad. An intersection formed in this way.
 GRADE SEPARATOR

 A grade separator can either be a

flyover or an underpass, that is any
structure which separates the
uniform grade of a running highway
into two different grades.
A bridge is a structure built to span a
gorge, valley, road, railroad track, river,
body of water, or any other physical
obstacle, for the purpose of providing
passage over the obstacle.
Grade separators can be bridges, but not
all bridges are grade separators.
Functions of grade separations interchange :-

 Grade separated intersection design is the highest form of intersection treatment.

This type of the intersection causes least delay and hazard to the crossing traffic
and in general is much superior to intersections at grade from the point of view of
traffic safety , operation and capacity.
 The transfer of root at grade separation or turning facilities are provided by
“ interchange facilities “ consisting of interchange ramps . These interchange
ramps are classified into 3 types

1.Direct :- It involves diverging to right side and merging from right side

2.Semi direct :-It allows diverging to left but merging is from right side

3.Indirect ramps :- It is simple diverging to the left and a merging from the left side
involved . Thus both of these manoeuvres are simpler , least hazardous and are
free from major conflicts both the distance to be traversed in indirect interchange
is more .
 Types

Fully separated Partially separated

 Cover leaf interchange  Diamond interchange
 Rotary interchange
 Stack interchange
 Delta & 3-way interchange
 Roundabout interchange
Cloverleaf interchange
A cloverleaf interchange is a two-level
interchange in which left turns (in countries that
drive on the right) are handled by loop roads (U.S.:
ramps, UK: slip roads).
 To go left (in right-hand traffic)vehicles
first pass either over or under the other road, then
turn right onto a one-way three-fourths loop ramp
(270°) and merge onto the intersecting road.
 Stack interchange
 A stack interchange is a four-way interchange whereby left turns are handled
by semi-directional flyover/under ramps. To go left (right in countries with
left-hand drive), vehicles first turn slightly right (on a right-turn off-ramp) to
exit, then complete the turn via a ramp which crosses both highways,
eventually merging with the right-turn on-ramp traffic from the opposite
quadrant of the interchange.
 Where left turns are handled by semi directional roads flyover/under ramps
 Diamond Interchange
 A diamond interchange is a common type of road junction, used where a freeway
crosses a minor road.
 The freeway itself is grade-separated from the minor road, a bridge being
provided for one or the other. Approaching the interchange from either direction,
an off-ramp diverges only slightly from the freeway and runs directly across the
minor road, becoming an on-ramp that returns to the outer part of other road.

 The Diamond interchange uses less

space than most types of freeway
interchange, & avoids the
interweaving traffic flows that
occur in interchanges such as
cloverleaf.
 A diamond interchange has four
ramps. A cloverleaf interchange
has eight ramps, as does a stack
interchange .
 ROTARY GRADE SEPERATORS

 The Rotary Grade Separator is essentially a multi-level rotary with traffic

segregation at distinct vertical levels on the basis of mode of traffic and
not direction alone. We already accept the horizontal segregation of
traffic in separate lanes based on direction and within lanes based on
speed of travel.

 The Rotary Grade Separator carries this idea of segregation through to a

traffic crossing. While the flyover focuses on enabling fast movement of
traffic, it ignores the pedestrians‘ difficulty in negotiation. The biggest
benefit of the Rotary Grade Separator is that it is designed around the
human being - the pedestrian and providing him safe and secure
movement and access.
A bus and truck way, car way and pedestrian way have
been provided at three separate levels, irrespective of direction of traffic. The
three rotaries are also arranged concentrically, with the car way providing the
innermost ring, followed by the bus and truck way and finally the pedestrian
rotary.
 Trumpet interchanges have been used where one highway terminates at
another highway. These involve at least one loop ramp connecting traffic
either entering or leaving the terminating expressway with the far lanes of
the continuous highway.
 These interchanges are useful for highways as well as toll roads, as they
concentrate all entering and exiting traffic into a single stretch of roadway,
where toll booths can be installed. A double-trumpet interchange version
can be found where a toll road meets another toll road or a free highway.
 FOURWAY INTERCHANGE
Turbine interchange (whirlpool)
requires fewer levels (usually two or three) while retaining
semi-directional ramps throughout, and has its left-turning
ramps sweep around the centre of the interchange in a spiral
pattern in right-hand driving.
Hybrid interchange near Rotterdam, Hybrid interchange near Cross-Harbour
Netherlands. Tunnel, Hong Kong.
Advantages

 Roads with grade separation generally allow traffic to move freely, with fewer
interruptions, and at higher overall speeds; this is why speed limits are typically
higher for grade-separated roads.
 In addition, less conflict between traffic movements reduces the capacity for accidents.
 Motorways, though having higher average speeds, usually have much lower accident
rates per distance travelled than roads which are not grade separated.
 Grade separation is an essential part of the controlled access highway like expressway
& freeway .
 There is overall increase in comfort and convenience to the motorists and saving in
travel time and vehicle operation cost .

DISAdvantages

 However, grade-separated junctions are very space-intensive, complicated and costly,

due to the need for large physical structures such as tunnels, ramps and bridges.
 Their height can be obtrusive and this, combined with the large traffic volumes that
grade-separated roads attract, tend to make them unpopular to nearby landowners
and residents.
 New grade-separated road plans can receive significant opposition from local groups
for these reasons.
 Expressway Lane Markings
Solid YELLOW Traffic Flow
line
marks the left edge of the roadway.
should always be on the driver’s left
side.

Solid WHITE line

 marks the right edge of the roadway,
or entrance and exit lanes.
•
Broken WHITE line
 separates lanes of traffic going in
the same direction.

HOV lanes (high occupancy vehicle)

 are marked with a white diamond.
 require a minimum number of passengers in
the vehicle.
 CONCLUSION
This type of roads are mainly used in the developing
areas . A large transport network facilities are provided for the vehicles to move
freely ,safely and economically. For buses , cars , bicycles , pedastrian , a separate
ways are arranged to move freely without any accidents. Easy communication is
carried from one end road to another outer end road with out major and minor
disturbances.

To reduce the traffic and congestion between the

vehicles this type of interchanges are more better than other type of roads . The
main important factor is saving the time at any periods in interchanges
THANK YOU