SECOND ORDER CIRCUIT

Second order circuit

Natural Response of Parallel RLC Circuit

(Source-Free Parallel RLC Circuit)

We want to solve for v(t).

iR iL + iC
Applying KCL,
R L v C
v dv 1 t

R
C 

vdt  0
dt L 

Differentiate once,

1 dv d2 v v
C 2  0
R dt dt L

d2 v 1 dv v
2
  0  This is a second order differential equation
dt RC dt LC with constant coefficients
 Second order circuit

Assuming v( t )  Ae st

A A st
As e 
2 st
se 
st
e 0
RC LC
 2 1 1 
Ae  s 
st
s 0
 RC LC 

Since Ae st cannot become zero,

 2 1 1 
s  s 0
d2 v 1 dv v RC LC 
2
  0
dt is known
This RC dt
as theLC
CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION of the diff. equation
 Second order circuit

Solving for s,

2 2
1  1  1 1  1  1
s1       s2      
2RC  2RC  LC 2RC  2RC  LC

Which can also be written as

s1     2  o2 s2     2  o2
1 1
where   , o 
2RC LC
 2 1 1 
 s  s   (nepers/s)
s1, s2 – known as natural frequencies 0
 RC LC 
 – known as neper frequency, o – known as resonant frequency
 Second order circuit

v( t )  A 1e s1t  A 2e s2t

A1 and A2 are determined

from initial conditions

Case 1
  o Overdamped solution

s1    Case
2  
2o
2
s2     2  o2
  o Critically damped solution

Case 3
  o Underdamped solution
 Second order circuit

Case 1 Overdamped response

  o

Roots to the characteristic equation are real and negative

v( t )  A 1e s1t  A 2e s2t

A1 and A2 are determined from initial conditions:

(i) At t = 0, v (0 )  A 1  A 2

dv(0)
(ii) At t = 0,  s1A 1  s2 A 2
dt
 Second order circuit

Case 2 Critically damped response

  o

v( t )  A 1e  t  A 2e  t  A 3 e  t

A3 is determined from 2 initial conditions: NOT POSSIBLE

 solution should be in different form: v( t )  A 1te  t  A 2 e  t

A1 and A2 are determined from initial conditions:

(i) At t = 0, v (0 )  A 2

dv(0)
(ii) At t = 0,  A 1  A 2
dt
 Second order circuit

Case 3 Underdamped response

  o

Roots to the characteristic equation are complex

v( t )  A 1e s1t  A 2e s2t

s1    j o2   2 s2    o2   2
   jd    jd

d  o2   2 - known as damped natural frequency

v( t )  A 1e (   jd )t  A 2 e (   jd )t


v( t )  e  t A 1e jdt  A 2e  jdt 
 Second order circuit

Case 3 Underdamped response

  o

Using Euler’s identity: ej = cos  + jsin 

v( t )  e  t  A 1  cos d t  j sin d t   A 2  cos d t  j sin d t  

 e  t   A 1  A 2  cos d t  j A 1  A 2  sin d t 

i( t )  e  t B1 cos d t  B2 sin d t 

where B1   A 1  A 2  and B 2  j A 1  A 2 


v( t )  e  t A 1e jdt  A 2e  jdt 
 Second order circuit

Case 3 Underdamped response

  o

(i) At t = 0, v(0)  B1

dv(0)
(ii) At tt= 0,  B1  dB 2
v( t )  e B1 cosdtdt  B2 sin dt 