Electromagnetism

Imagine a world without

• Talking on a telephone
• Watching TV
• Listening to a radio or CD
• Not being able to use anything that plugs
into a socket
Hans Christian Oersted
• In 1820 he was doing a
demonstration using electric
current.
• As he passed current
through a wire, a compass
needle deflected.
• He discovered that
magnetism is related to
electricity.
Electricity and Magnetism

• Charge at rest  electric field

• Charge in motion  magnetic field
Electromagnetism Lab
 Right hand rule # 1
• If straight wire is grasped with the right
hand, with the thumb pointing in the
direction of current, fingers will purl in
direction of magnetic field.
 Vertical Conductors

Out of the page Into the page

 Solenoid
• Linear coil of conducting wire
 Right hand rule #2
• When a solenoid is grasped with the right
hand, so that the finger curl in the direction
of the current, the outstretched thumb will
point toward the north pole of the magnetic
field.
 Electromagnet
• Solenoid with a soft iron core
 Demo
• How can you make an electromagnet
stronger?

• How is an electromagnet different than a

permanent magnet?
 Relationship Between
Electricity & Magnetism
• Electricity can create magnetism

• Moving charges create a magnetic field

around the wire carrying that current

• Can a magnetic field be used to make

charges move?
Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry
• In 1822,faraday wrote a goal
in his notebook: “Convert
magnetism into electricity”
• 10 years later, he and
Joseph Henry, another
smart high school teacher,
independently made the big
discovery that changed the
world.
• They discovered
Electromagnetic Induction
 Electromagnetic Induction
• Process of generating a current in a circuit
by changing a magnetic field.
• Magnetic field lines must be cut
perpendicular by relative motion of magnet
and conductor.
– Either the magnet can move or the wire can
move.
 Factors affecting magnitude of
Induced Current

1. Amount of conductor or coils of wire

2. Strength of the magnetic field

3. Speed of motion
 Right Hand Rule 3
• When the fingers point in the direction of
the magnetic field, (toward the south pole
of the magnet) and the thumb points in the
direction of the motion of the wire, the
palm pushes in the direction of the
induced current.
 Electric generator

• Invented by Faraday
• Converts mechanical energy to electricity
• Wire loop (armature) rotates in a strong
magnetic field to induce a current
• What happens when current flows through
a wire?
• Demo: Lenz’s Law
 Lenz’s Law
• Induced current opposes the motion that
induces it

• Work must be done to overcome the

magnetic repulsion
 Electric Motor
• Has same parts as generator

• Converts electric energy to mechanical

energy

• Current moves through the armature

inside a magnetic field, making armature
turn.
Demo Simple Motor
 Generators and Motors
• Phone has both generator and motor
• Mouthpiece has generator to convert
motion of voice into electrical impulse
• Earpiece has motor to convert electrical
energy into mechanical motion of the
speaker.
• Both contain magnets and electromagnetic
devices.