(Sistem Integumen : Kulit &

AamDerivatnya)
Amarullah, M.Pd
Integumentary
System?
Integumentary
System (SKIN) is an
organ system that
distinguish,
separate, protect,
and inform the
human to the
surrounding
environment and
the most extensive
organ
FUNCTION OF SKIN
Main Function:
1.As body protector
2.As external receptor(sensory)
3.Place for ecretion & secterion
4.Osmoregulator/homeostasis
5.Thermoregulation regulator
6.Synthesis and storage nutrient
(Vitamin D)

Other function in
living things:
1.As a food reserve
2.Means
2. of nutrition / mammary gland
3.As a means of motion, the bird wing,
fin fish, swimming in the frog membrane.
Skin Structures
a. Epidermis – Five Layer
 Stratified squamous
epithelium
 Mechanical protection
 Keeps micro-organisms
outside
 Contains no blood vessels
 4 types of cells
 5 distinct strata (layers) of
cells
Five layers in epidermis
STRATUM CORNEUM
Outer skin layer
Consisting of dead flattened cells.
Not have nucleus
Protoplasm has turned into keratin / substance horn
Stratum Corneum/ 15-30 layers of keratin cells
Lapisan tanduk/Cuticule
STRATUM LUCIDUM
Below of corneum layer, bright cell
Flattened cells with no nucleus
Protoplasm which turned into proteins (elerdin)
There is only in thick skin, appear more clearly in
Stratum Lucidum the hands and feet

STRATUM GRANULOSUM/ KERATOHIALIN

2-3 flattened layer cells, grainy
Grained cytoplasm (keratohialin), there is a core Is
Evident in the palm of the hand and foot.
 STRATUM SPINOSUM/ STRATUM
MALPHIGI/ PICKLE CELL LAYER
Consist of 5-8 layer
Thickest layer (0.2 mm)
Polygonal-shaped cells that different magnitude
because of the process of mitosis.
There is Langerhans cells
Create keratin, a protein that is not water soluble to
Stratum Spinosum keep the skin moist

STRATUM BASALE
Deepest layer of epidermis, contact with dermis
Cuboidal/columnar cells
Having melanin cell which contain pigmen.
Basal cells entered mitosis and reproductive
Stratum Basale function
Cell type of epidermis
• Melanocytes 8% - basal layer; produce
melanin and secrete pigment
• Merkel cells - basal layer; attached to
sensory nerve endings
• Keratinocytes 90% – Arise from
deepest layer of epidermis to stratum
spinosum;
 Produce keratin – a tough fibrous protein
 Produce antibodies and enzymes
 Keratinocytes are dead at skin's surface
• Langerhans cells - stratum spinosum
from bone marrow; part of immune
system macrophage-like
b. Dermis-Two layer
 Below epidermis
 Two skin layers (papillar and reticular)
 Consists of connective tissue containing elastic fibers and
collagen
 There are nerve endings / receptors, sensory apparatus:
touch, pressure, temperature, pain.
 Contains all tissue types, plus
 Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
 Sebaceous (oil) glands
 Hair follicles and arrector pili muscles
 Collagen, elastic, and nerve fibers
 Blood vessels
 Binds the epidermis to the subcutaneous tissue
 Skin Structure: Dermis
• Papillary layer
 Underlies epidermis
 Named for dermal papillae

 Aerolar connective tissue

 Supports, nourishes epidermis

 Provides sensory nerves,

lymphatics, and capillaries

• Reticular layer
 Tough, dense, fibrous layer
 Dense irregular connective tissue
 Collagen fibers - limit stretch
 Elastic fibers - provide flexibility
 Blends into papillary layer (above)
 Blends into subcutaneous layer
(below)
Type of skin gland eccrine; the
entire surface
of the body
but more
numerous
palms, soles
of the feet,
and face.
water
containing
various kinds
of salt as a
regulator of
body
temperature

apocrine;
- Oil glands (sebaceous glands) sweat
function pomade and protect it contains fat.
armpits and
from dryness around the
- Sweat glands, secrete waste genitals,
products in the form of sweat causing odor
contains various components such because
bacterial
as mineral salts activity
C. Subcutaneous layer
 Hypodermis
 Composed of

 Adipose (fat) and loose

connective tissue
 Blood vessels

 and nerves

 Functions
 Storage in adipose tissue (fat)
 Cushions and insulates underlying structures
 Stabilizes position of the skin
 Safely receives hypodermic needles
Derivat of skin

1. Hair
 Formed on fetal age of 3 months
 Are derivatives epidermis
 The main function :
a. isolator, thermoregulator
b. sensory organ with nerve endings,

example: sinus hair

 Hair color difference caused
1. There vacuoles and pigment, the color
of youth: black old
2. There are many vacuoles and there are
no pigment, color: white silver
3. There are a lot of vacuoles and there is
no pigment: hoar
2. Scales horn
 Also called epidermal scales
 The best growth in reptiles, the aves in the legs
3. Claws, hooves and soles.

 The claws are at 1 or 2 phalanx of the

last, more primitive than nails and soles.
 Nail growth + 0.5 mm / week, fingernails
growing faster than toenails.
 Lunula is part of the nail that looked like a
crescent moon.
4. Horn and like horn

Not all the horn consists of keratin (horn substance).

Empty horn (hollow horn), called a true horn, horn sheath
covering the bone, unbranched, never released, ex:
Antilocapridae.

Horns, hair undergoing fusion, unbranched and can not be

released ex: horns on a rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sp).
5. Fur

Keratin structure which is characteristic of aves (bird).

Type of fur:
a. penna (contour feather), at the wing called remiges, at the
tail called retrices.
b. plumula, small feathers with many rachis, serves to
isolation, especially in young birds.
c. filopluma, fur is very smooth, caracteristic of cassowary.
6. Other derivat:
A.Baleen (whale bone), for filtering ex. whales
B.paruh (a kind of horn), covering the maxilla and premaxilla
(Top) and dentale (below), ex: bird and turtles.
C.Spurs, tarsal and metatarsal bone protrusion shrouded, horn
substance, ex: the chicken spurs.
D.Wattle and comb, skin structure with stratum corneum thick,
and the dermis which has a lot of blood sinus, ex: chicken feet.
Whats happen in skin?

Skin Colour: The more melanin, the Fingerprint is the dermis that Skin aging: loses firmness due The dermis is the receptive
darker the skin color make up a typical person and color changes site for the pigment of tattoos
make up a typical person

Burn:
Skin Cancer: carcinoma
First-degree
(epidermis only; redness)

Second-degree
(epidermis and dermis,
with blistering)

Third-degree
(full thickness, destroying
epidermis, dermis, often part
of hypodermis)
Clinical consideration: wound
 Open skin is an entry door for bacteria  risk
of infection.
 Gravity depends on depth and area involved.
 Phases of healing:
 Clot formation  scab
 Inflammatory response
 Fibroblasts multiply  granulations
 Macrophages phagocytize debris
 When dermis has filled up, epidermis can grow
to cover the area
 If severe wound: scar tissue
Clinical consideration: Inflanation
 Bacteria also attrack
macrophages which release
chemical promoting dilation of
the capillaries (=vasodilation) 
more blood  skin area
becomes red (redness) and hot
(heat)
Clinical consideration: Burn

First degree burn: involves Second degree burn:

epidermis only  redness upper dermis involved 
(erythema) – sun burn - painful blister - painful

Third degree burn:

involves epidermis
and entire dermis
(and sometimes
more)
Not painful! Why?
Clinical consideration: Skin Tumors (benign and not)
 Warts: due to a virus.,
treated by cryosurgery
 Skin cancers
 Basal cell carcinoma:
most common, due to UV
exposure, arises from basal
cell,easily treated
 Squamous cell
carcinoma: from cells
above basal cells, more
invasive
 Malignant melanoma:
Due to melanocytes –
changing moles – very
invasive
Clinical consideration: Aging
 Decrease in sebum
secretion  dry skin
 Decrease in sweat
gland secretion 
difficulties to cope
with heat
 Decrease in elastin
fibers  wrinkles
 Decrease in adipose
tissue in the dermis
 difficulties to
cope with cold
 c.id
m .a
ola
elq
aar
@d
llah
ar u
am
you
ank
Th