Artificial Intelligence

(CSS 3872/4871)
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Shahab Siddiqui

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Artificial Intelligence

Lecture # 1

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 Introduction
• Artificial Intelligence has 2 words to
focus

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 Artificial & Intelligence
• Artificial can have many meanings like, Fake, Copy, Model, Dummy,
Secondary, Not Real, Skeleton, etc.

• Intelligence has been defined in many ways, including: the capacity for logic,
understanding, self-awareness, learning, emotional knowledge, reasoning,
planning, creativity, critical thinking, and problem solving. More generally, it
can be described as the ability to perceive or infer information, and to retain it
as knowledge to be applied towards adaptive behaviors within an environment
or context.

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 Intelligence
• Conceptualizations tend to suggest that intelligence involves
the level of ability to do the following:

Learn: The acquisition, retention, and use of knowledge is an
important component of intelligence.

Recognize problems: To put knowledge to use, people must be
able to identify possible problems in the environment that need
to be addressed.

Solve problems: People must then be able to take what they
have learned to come up with a useful solution to a problem
they have noticed in the world around them.
• Intelligence involves some different mental abilities including
logic, reasoning, problem-solving, and planning. 5
Intelligence

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 Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
• The term "intelligence quotient," or IQ, was first coined in the early
20th century by a German psychologist named William Stern.
• Psychologist Alfred Binet developed the very first intelligence tests
to help the French government identify schoolchildren who needed
extra academic assistance. Binet was the first to introduce the
concept of mental age or a set of abilities that children of a certain
age possess.
• Since that time, intelligence testing has emerged as a widely used
tool that has led to developing many other tests of skill and aptitude.
• However, it continues to spur debate and controversy over the use of
such testing, cultural biases that may be involved, influences on
intelligence, and even the very way we define intelligence.

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 Formal Definition
• From "Mainstream Science on Intelligence" (1994), an op-ed statement in the
Wall Street Journal signed by fifty-two researchers (out of 131 total invited to
sign):

• A very general mental capability that, among other things, involves the
ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend
complex ideas, learn quickly and learn from experience.

• It is not merely book learning, a narrow academic skill, or test-taking smarts.

Rather, it reflects a broader and deeper capability for comprehending our
surroundings—"catching on," "making sense" of things, or "figuring out" what
to do.

intellectual/mental capacity, intellect, mind, brain, brains, brainpower, powers of reasoning, judgement,
reason, reasoning, understanding, comprehension, acumen, wit, sense, insight, perceptiveness,
synonyms: perception, perspicacious, perspicacity, penetration, discernment, sharpness, quickness of mind, quick-
wittedness, smartness, canniness, astuteness, intuition, acuity, alertness, cleverness, brilliance, aptness,
ability, giftedness, talent;
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 Formal Definition
• From Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns (1995), a report published by the
Board of Scientific Affairs of the American Psychological Association:

• Individuals differ from one another in their ability to understand complex

ideas, to adapt effectively to the environment, to learn from experience, to
engage in various forms of reasoning, to overcome obstacles by taking
thought.

• Although these individual differences can be substantial, they are never

entirely consistent: a given person's intellectual performance will vary on
different occasions, in different domains, as judged by different criteria.
Concepts of "intelligence" are attempts to clarify and organize this complex
set of phenomena. Although considerable clarity has been achieved in some
areas, no such conceptualization has yet answered all the important questions,
and none commands universal assent. Indeed, when two dozen prominent
theorists were recently asked to define intelligence, they gave two dozen,
somewhat different, definitions.[8]
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A-Z of Intelligence

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 Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial intelligence (or AI) is both the intelligence of machines and the
branch of computer science which aims to create it,
• through "the study and design of intelligent agents" or "rational agents",
where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes
actions which maximize its chances of success.
• Kaplan and Haenlein define artificial intelligence as “a system’s ability to
correctly interpret external data, to learn from such data, and to use those
learnings to achieve specific goals and tasks through flexible adaptation”.
• Achievements in artificial intelligence include constrained and well-defined
problems such as games, crossword-solving and optical character recognition
and a few more general problems such as autonomous cars.
• General intelligence or strong AI has not yet been achieved and is a long-term
goal of AI research.
• Among the traits that researchers hope machines will exhibit are reasoning,
knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception, and the ability
to move and to manipulate objects.
• In the field of artificial intelligence there is no consensus on how closely the
brain should be simulated.
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AI Biggest Debate

Machine = Human

OR

Human = Machine

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 Emotional Intelligence
• Emotional intelligence refers to a person's ability to
perceive, understand, evaluate and manage their
emotions and the emotions of others in positive ways. It
affects how we behave, how we make decisions and how
we navigate social situations.
• "EI is not soft, fluffy or about wanting to be liked," writes
Travis Bradberry, author of the bestselling book
"Emotional Intelligence 2.0“.
• "Individuals who have high EI want to succeed, can
control their emotions, are gregarious and have positive
self-appraisals. Nothing fluffy there.“
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 General Intelligence
• British psychologist Charles Spearman (1863–1945)
described a concept he referred to as general intelligence or
the g factor.
• After using a technique known as factor analysis to
examine some mental aptitude tests, Spearman concluded
that scores on these tests were remarkably similar.
• People who performed well on one cognitive test tended to
perform well on other tests, while those who scored badly
on one test tended to score badly on others.
• He concluded that intelligence is a general cognitive
ability that can be measured and numerically expressed.

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 General Intelligence (contd.)
• He concluded that human beings possess a generalized form
of intelligence, known as a g-factor, which can lead to other
specialized forms of intelligence, measured by s-factor
• G-factor is a sum of s-factor scores that measure a person’s
abilities in one particular area
• Generally excepted s-factors of intelligence
include memory, attention, verbal comprehension,
spatial skills, and abstract reasoning
• The g-factor and the s-factor are two parts of
Spearman’s Two-factor theory of intelligence
• IQ tests, which measure general cognitive ability, are
derived from his theory of general intelligence.
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 Human Intelligence
• Human intelligence is the intellectual power of humans, which is
marked by complex cognitive feats and high levels of motivation and
self-awareness.
• Intelligence enables humans to remember descriptions of things and
use those descriptions in future behaviors. It is a cognitive process.
• It gives humans the cognitive abilities to learn, form concepts,
understand, and reason, including the capacities to
recognize patterns, comprehend ideas, plan, solve problems, and
use language to communicate.
• Intelligence enables humans to experience and think.
• Human intelligence, mental quality that consists of the abilities to
learn from experience, adapt to new situations, understand and
handle abstract concepts, and use knowledge to manipulate one’s
environment. 16
 Social Intelligence
• Social intelligence is the capacity to know oneself and to know others.
• Social scientist Ross Honeywill believes social intelligence is an aggregated
measure of self- and social-awareness, evolved social beliefs and attitudes, and a
capacity and appetite to manage complex social change.
• Psychologist, Nicholas Humphrey believes that it is social intelligence, rather than
quantitative intelligence, that defines who we are as humans.
• The original definition by Edward Thorndike in 1920 is "the ability to understand
and manage men and women and boys and girls, to act wisely in human relations".
• It is equivalent to interpersonal intelligence, one of the types of intelligence
identified in Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, and closely related
to theory of mind.
• According to Sean Foleno, social intelligence is a person’s competence to optimally
understand one's environment and react appropriately for socially successful
conduct.
• It is important that the multiple definitions listed above, as there is yet to be a
complete consensus on the operational definition of social intelligence.
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 Threat Intelligence
• Threat intelligence is evidence-based knowledge, including
context, mechanisms, indicators, implications, and action-
oriented advice about an existing or emerging menace or hazard to
assets.
• This intelligence can be used to inform decisions regarding the
subject’s response to that menace or hazard.
• Threat intelligence is often broken down into three subcategories:
1. Strategic: Broader trends typically meant for a non-technical
audience
2. Tactical: Outlines of the tactics, techniques, and procedures of
threat actors for a more technical audience
3. Operational: Technical details about specific attacks and campaigns
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 Multiple Intelligence
• “To respect the many differences between people”—this is what Howard Gardner
says is the purpose of learning about multiple intelligences (MI) theory, which
holds that the human mind is composed of eight intelligences—linguistic, logical-
mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal,
and naturalistic—plus a possible ninth (existential).
• How to Teach or Learn Anything 8 Different Ways
• Features of the theory of multiple intelligences is how it provides eight different
potential pathways to learning. If a teacher is having difficulty reaching a student in
the more traditional linguistic or logical ways of instruction, the theory of multiple
intelligences suggests several other ways in which the material might be presented
to facilitate effective learning.
 numbers or logic (logical-mathematical intelligence), pictures (spatial
intelligence), words (linguistic intelligence), music (musical intelligence), self-
reflection (intrapersonal intelligence), a physical experience (bodily-kinesthetic
intelligence), a social experience (interpersonal intelligence), and/or an experience
in the natural world (naturalist intelligence).
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 Other Intelligences
• Psychologist Robert Sternberg defined intelligence as "mental
activity directed toward purposive adaptation to, selection, and
shaping of real-world environments relevant to one's life."
• While he agreed with Gardner that intelligence is much broader
than a single, general ability, he instead suggested that some of
Gardner's types of intelligence are better viewed as individual talents.
Sternberg proposed what he referred to as "successful intelligence“,
which involves three different factors:


Analytical intelligence: Your problem-solving abilities.

Creative intelligence: Your capacity to deal with new situations
using past experiences and current skills.

Practical intelligence: Your ability to adapt to a changing
environment. 21
 Other Intelligences (contd.)
• American psychologist, Robert Sternberg, made his name by
proposing the triarchic theory of intelligence. This theory asserts
that human intelligence can be divided into three types: analytical,
creative, and practical intelligence.
• Analytical intelligence refers to a person’s ability to assess
information and use deductive reasoning to arrive at plausible
solutions.
• Creative intelligence draws on a person’s ability to create
something from nothing or to do something in a unique and
novel way.
• Practical intelligence is the intelligence of common sense
reasoning, commonly referred to as “street smarts”.
• Sternberg believed that a balanced measure of all three forms of
intelligence would result in the greatest life success. 22
 IR4 / IoT / IIoT / Industry 4.0
• First Industrial Revolution
The First Industrial Revolution was marked by a transition from hand production methods to machines through the use of steam
power and water power. The implementation of new technologies took a long time, so the period which this refers to it is
between 1760 and 1820, or 1840 in Europe and the United States. Its effects had consequences on textile manufacturing,
which was first to adopt such changes, as well as iron industry, agriculture, and mining although it also had societal effects
with an ever stronger middle class. It also had an effect on British industry at the time.

• Second Industrial Revolution

The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution, is the period between 1871 and 1914 that resulted
from installations of extensive railroad and telegraph networks, which allowed for faster transfer of people and ideas, as
well as electricity. Increasing electrification allowed for factories to develop the modern production line. It was a period of
great economic growth, with an increase in productivity, which also caused a surge in unemployment since many factory
workers were replaced by machines.

• Third Industrial Revolution

The Third Industrial Revolution, also known as the Digital Revolution, occurred in the late 20th century in 1950-1970, after the
end of the two world wars, resulting from a slowdown of industrialization and technological advancement compared to
previous periods. The production of the Z1 computer, which used binary floating-point numbers and Boolean logic, a
decade later, was the beginning of more advanced digital developments. The next significant development in communication
technologies was the supercomputer, with extensive use of computer and communication technologies in the production
process; machinery began to abrogate the need for human power. And at last Internet.

• Fourth Industrial Revolution

The Fourth Industrial Revolution, which is yet to come, also known as Cyber Physical World, may be occurring after 2050 or
2070. Also, termed as Industry 4.0 or IIoT and in based on AI based Systems and Machines.
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 Summary
• Intelligence is the ability of human
mind to learn, reason, adapt from an
environment.
• Artificial Intelligence is to make
Machine’s capable of understanding of
what is Right and what is Wrong?
• Still a long way to go….. 2070 Maybe
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 References
• Emotional Intelligence - https://www.mnn.com/money/sustainable-business-
practices/stories/are-you-emotionally-intelligent
• Human Intelligence - https://www.britannica.com/science/human-intelligence-
psychology
• Intelligence - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence
• Social Intelligence - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_intelligence
• Threat Intelligence - https://www.recordedfuture.com/threat-intelligence-definition/
• Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences Paperback – March 29, 2011
- http://www.institute4learning.com/resources/articles/multiple-intelligences/
• The 9 Types of Intelligence - https://blog.adioma.com/9-types-of-intelligence-
infographic/
• Fourth Industrial Revolution - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth
_Industrial_Revolution
• Multiple Intelligence - https://www.multipleintelligencesoasis.org/a-beginners-
guide-to-mi
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