Chapter - I

Per Unit (PU)

Representation of Power System
Elements (Contd)
• PU representation of a transformer
It has been mentioned that a balance 3-phase power system
can be represented by a single phase basis. Hence a power
transformer (which is 3-phase) in construction can be
represented by a single phase transformer for analysis. The
equivalent diagram of a transformer is shown below.
In the above the primary and secondary leakage reactances are
represented as Zp and Zs respectively. The magnetizing
components are neglected. Let us choose the following:
Power base: VAB
Voltage base: V1B on primary side
Voltage base: V2B on secondary side
Such that V1B : V2B =1:a

From the equivalent circuit of the transformer,

But,
And
Putting the values

Dividing by V2B
The above equation can be represented by simple equivalent
circuit
pu impedance diagram
The pu impedance is essential for short circuit analysis.
To draw the pu impedance diagram form the SLD of the
power system, following steps are carried out
Step 1: Choose an appropriate common MVA (or kVA) base
for the system
Step 2: Consider the system to be divided into a number of
sections by the transformers. Choose an appropriate kV
base in one of the sections. Calculate kV base of the
other section considering the transformation ratio.
Step 3: Calculate the pu values of voltages and impedances,
in each section and connect them as per topology of the
one line diagram. The result is the single phase pu
diagram.
• Assumptions:
1. Line resistance and capacitance are neglected
2. As impedance diagram are meant for short circuit studies loads are neglected.
Current drawn by static loads under short circuit condition is very small and
negligible
Common MVA base is 100 MVA
Voltage base at transmission side is: 132 kV
Hence Voltage base at bus 1 is 11 kV
Voltage base at bus 2 is 6.6 kV
The pu reacyances are:
Tr Line 20 x (100/1322 ) = 0.1148 pu
Transformer T1 15 x (100/1322 ) = 0.0861 pu
Trnasformer T2 16 x (100/1322 ) = 0.0918 pu
Generator 1 2.0 x (100/112 ) = 0.8264 pu at base of 100 MVA
=0.8264 x (50/100) = 0.4132 pu at base 50 MVA
Generator 2 0.75 x (100/6.62 ) = 1.722 pu
=1.722 x (25/100) = 0.4305 pu
Generator 3 0.5 x (100/6.62 ) = 1.148 pu
= 1.148 x (30/100) = 0.3827 pu