DATA ENCODING

SIMULATION
SUBMITTED BY
Shashikala.N
 CONTENTS
1.What is data encoding?
2.Why data encoding?
3.When data encoding required?
4.Advantages of data encoding
5.Data encoding methods
6.Unipolar NRZ
7.Unipolar RZ
8.Polar NRZ
 CONTENTS

9.AMI NRZ
10.AMI RZ
11.Manchester Encoding
Reference
 What Is Data Encoding?
Encoding is the process of transforming
information from one format into another.
 Data compression and data encryption are both
forms of data encoding .
 Both analog and digital data can be encoded as
either analog or digital.
 Why Data Encoding?
An increase in data rate increases bit error rate.

 An increase S/N decrease bit error rate.

An increase in bandwidth allows an increase in

data rate.
When Data Encoding is
Required?
 It required in the physical layer of OSI
reference model in network .
 Physical Layer
 Interfaces network devices with
transmission medium and provides the
hardware a means of sending and receiving
data.
 Responsible for data coding (converting 0s
and 1s into electrical or light pulses).
 Defines physical and electrical
specifications for transmission.
Advantages Of Data Encoding
Encoding is done to reduce the number of bit to
be transmitted and save bandwidth .
Less storage space required
Comparisons are shortened and can therefore
be made quicker, thus speeding up searches
A limited number of codes makes data input
faster and simplifies validation.
 Data Encoding Methods
Data encoding deals with how best to transmit
data (0s and 1s)across various media.
Popular Data Encoding Methods
 Unipolar NRZ (Non-Return to Zero)
 Unipolar RZ
 Manchester Encoding NRZ
 AMI NRZ
 AMI RZ
 Polar NRZ
 Polar RZ
 1 .Unipolar

Unipolar signalling (also called on-off

keying, OOK) is the type of line coding
in which one binary symbol (representing
a 0 for example) is represented by the
absence of a pulse (i.e. a SPACE) and the
other binary symbol (denoting a 1) is
represented by the presence of a pulse
(i.e. a MARK).
 1.Unipolar Non-Return to Zero (NRZ)

In unipolar NRZ the duration of the

MARK pulse (Ƭ ) is equal to the duration
(To) of the symbol slot.

1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
V

0
 Advantage and disadvantage of Unipolar NRZ

Unipolar Non-Return to Zero (NRZ):

In unipolar NRZ the duration of the MARK pulse (Ƭ ) is equal to the duration (To) of the
symbol slot. (put figure here).

Advantages:
– Simplicity in implementation.
– Doesn’t require a lot of bandwidth for transmission.

Disadvantages:
– Presence of DC level (indicated by spectral line at 0 Hz).
– Contains low frequency components. Causes “Signal Droop” (explained later).
– Does not have any error correction capability.
– Does not posses any clocking component for ease of synchronisation.
– Is not Transparent. Long string of zeros causes loss of synchronisation.
 Unipolar Signalling

Figure. PSD of Unipolar NRZ

 2.Unipolar Return to Zero (RZ)
In unipolar RZ the duration of the MARK pulse (Ƭ ) is
less than the duration (To) of the symbol slot. Typically
RZ pulses fill only the first half of the time slot,
returning to zero for the second half.
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
To

Ƭ
 Advantage and disadvantage of
Unipolar RZ
Unipolar Return to Zero (RZ):

Advantages:
– Simplicity in implementation.
– Presence of a spectral line at symbol rate which can be used as symbol timing
clock signal.

Disadvantages:
– Presence of DC level (indicated by spectral line at 0 Hz).
– Continuous part is non-zero at 0 Hz. Causes “Signal Droop”.
– Does not have any error correction capability.
– Occupies twice as much bandwidth as Unipolar NRZ.
– Is not Transparent
Unipolar Return to Zero (RZ)

Figure. PSD of Unipolar RZ

 3. Polar NRZ
 Polar signalling also has NRZ and RZ forms.
In polar signalling a binary 1 is represented by
a pulse g1(t) and a binary 0 by the opposite (or
antipodal) pulse g0(t) = -g1(t).

1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0

+V

-V

Figure. Polar NRZ

Advantage and disadvantage of
polar NRZ
Polar Non-Return to Zero (NRZ):

Advantages:
– Simplicity in implementation.
– No DC component.

Disadvantages:
– Continuous part is non-zero at 0 Hz. Causes “Signal Droop”.
– Does not have any error correction capability.
– Does not posses any clocking component for ease of synchronisation.
– Is not transparent.
 4. Polar RZ
In polar signalling a binary 1 is represented by a pulse g1(t) and a binary 0 by the
opposite (or antipodal) pulse g0(t) = -g1(t).

1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0

+V

-V

Figure. Polar RZ
Advantage and disadvantage of
polar RZ
Polar Return to Zero (RZ):

Advantages:
– Simplicity in implementation.
– No DC component.

Disadvantages:
– Continuous part is non-zero at 0 Hz. Causes “Signal Droop”.
– Does not have any error correction capability.
– Does not posses any clocking component for easy
synchronisation. However, clock can be extracted by rectifying
the received signal.
– Occupies twice as much bandwidth as Polar NRZ.
 Polar Signalling:

Polar NRZ and RZ have almost identical spectra to the Unipolar NRZ and RZ. However,
due to the opposite polarity of the 1 and 0 symbols, neither contain any spectral lines.

Figure. PSD of Polar NRZ

 5.Bipolar NRZ/AMI NRZ
Bipolar Signalling is also called “alternate mark inversion”
(AMI) uses three voltage levels (+V, 0, -V) to represent two
binary symbols. Zeros, as in unipolar, are represented by the
absence of a pulse and ones (or marks) are represented by
alternating voltage levels of +V and –V.
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0

+V

-V

Figure. BiPolar NRZ

 1  alternating +1/2 , -1/2 voltage
0  0 voltage

Has the same issues as NRZI for a long string of 0’s.

A systemic problem with polar is the polarity can be
backwards Alternating the mark level voltage ensures that
the bipolar spectrum has a null at DC.And that signal droop
on AC coupled lines is avoided. The alternating mark voltage
also gives bipolar signalling a single error detection
capability.
 Advantage and disadvantage of
Bipolar NRZ
BiPolar / AMI NRZ:

Advantages:
– No DC component.
– Occupies less bandwidth than unipolar and polar NRZ schemes.
– Does not suffer from signal droop (suitable for transmission over AC coupled
lines).
– Possesses single error detection capability.

Disadvantages:
– Does not posses any clocking component for ease of synchronisation.
– Is not Transparent.
 BiPolar/ AMI NRZ Signalling

Figure. PSD of BiPolar RZ

 6.Bipolar RZ/AMI RZ
1 is represented by positive for the first half of T and zero for
the second half.
0 is represented by negative for the first half of T and zero for
the second half.

1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0

+V

-V

Figure. BiPolar RZ
Advantage and disadvantage of
Bipolar RZ
BiPolar / AMI RZ:

Advantages:
– No DC component.
– Occupies less bandwidth than unipolar and polar RZ schemes.
– Does not suffer from signal droop (suitable for transmission
over AC coupled lines).
– Possesses single error detection capability.
– Clock can be extracted by rectifying (a copy of) the received
signal.

Disadvantages:
– Is not Transparent.
BiPolar/ AMI RZ Signalling

Figure. PSD of BiPolar RZ

 7. Manchester
There is always a mid-bit transition {which is used as a
clocking mechanism}.
The direction of the mid-bit transition represents the
digital data.

1  low-to-high transition

0  high-to-low transition

Consequently, there may be a second transition at the

beginning of the bit interval.
Used in 802.3 baseband coaxial cable and CSMA/CD
twisted pair.
 Manchester Encoding

1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0

+V

-V

Figure. Manchester Encoding.

Note: There is always a transition at the

centre of bit duration.
The transition at the centre of every bit interval is used for
synchronization at the receiver.
Manchester encoding is called self-synchronizing.
Synchronization at the receiving end can be achieved by locking
on to the the transitions, which indicate the middle of the bits.
It is worth highlighting that the traditional synchronization
technique used for unipolar, polar and bipolar schemes, which
employs a narrow BPF to extract the clock signal cannot be used
for synchronization in Manchester encoding.
This is because the PSD of Manchester encoding does not include
a spectral line/ impulse at symbol rate (1/To). Even rectification
does not help.
Advantage and disadvantage of
Manchester Encoding
Manchester Signalling:

Advantages:
– No DC component.
– Does not suffer from signal droop (suitable for transmission over AC coupled
lines).
– Easy to synchronise with.
– Is Transparent.

Disadvantages:
– Because of the greater number of transitions it occupies a significantly large
bandwidth.
– Does not have error detection capability.

These characteristic make this scheme unsuitable for use in Wide Area Networks.
However, it is widely used in Local Area Networks such as Ethernet and Token Ring.
Manchester Signalling

Figure. PSD of Manchester

 Reference
1.“Data Communication & Networking” 4th
Edition by Behrouz A. Forouzan
2. “Communication Systems” 4th Edition by
Simon Haykin