History of the Periodic

Table
Each group will be given some cards. Can your group
figure out what card is missing? What is it (number
and suit)?
 Antoine Lavoisier
 In the late 1790s,
he compiled a list
of the known
elements at the
time.
 This list contained
23 elements.

1743 - 1794
 But times were about to change…
 In the 1800’s, there were many
changes in the world
• Electricity
• Spectrometer
• Industrial Revolution
 As a result, there was an increase in
the number of known elements
• By the 1870, there were 70 known
elements
 An agreement is reached…
 Then in the 1860’s, chemist agreed
upon a method for accurately
determining the atomic mass of
elements.
 John Newlands
 Noticed when elements
were arranged by atomic
mass, they repeated
properties every 8th
element.
 He used the word
periodic to describe this
1838-1898 pattern
 He gave it the name the
Law of Octaves
 Unfortunately…
 Did not work for all the elements
 Criticized because of its association with
music
 Did give others the idea of repeating
properties - periodic
We Hate It
 Lothar Meyer and Dmitri Mendeleev

1834 - 1907
1830-1895

 Each made a connection between

atomic mass and properties of
elements
 The winner is…
Mendeleev
 Mendeleev is given credit because
his was published first
 In addition, Mendeleev predicted
unknown elements
 However, not completely correct –
new elements weren’t in correct
order
 What do you notice about elements
27 & 28 and 52 & 53?
 Henry Moseley
 Solved this problem by
arranging the elements
by increasing atomic
number.
 The periodic repetition
of chemical and
physical properties of
elements when
arranged by atomic
number is now known
as Periodic Law
1887-1915
Which leads to the Modern Periodic
Table
 Boxes each with:

Element Hydrogen
Name Atomic
1 Symbol
Atomic
Number
H Atomic
1.00794 Mass

That are arranged by increasing atomic numbers

 Remember
 Atomic number = the number of
protons = the number of electrons (if
neutral)

 Atomic Mass on the Periodic table is

the average mass of the isotopes
• But the mass number of each isotope is
the protons plus the neutrons
 Chemical Symbol
 The symbol that refers to the element
 First letter is capitalized, second letter (if

applicable) is lower case

 Not all symbols are based on English

names for the elements, some come from

their Latin names or even other languages
– Tin – Sn – stannum – Silver – Ag – argentum
– Iron – Fe - ferrum – Antimony – Sb -stibium
– Mercury – Hg - hydrargyrum – Lead – Pb – plumbum
– Gold – Au - aurum – Copper – Cu – cyprium
 Columns and Rows
 The columns are called Families or
Groups
• Earlier Version had 1-8 followed by A or B
 Group A elements are called Representative Elements
 Group B elements are called Transition Elements
• Modern Version labels the columns with 1-18

 Rows are called Periods

• Seven periods for the seven energy levels (rings)
 Classifying Elements
 Three Types of Elements
• Metals
• Nonmetals
• Metalloids
 Metals
 Shiny when smooth and clean
 Solid at room temperature
• Only exception - Mercury
 Good conductors of heat and
electricity
 Most are ductile and malleable
Most of the elements on the table are
metals, which are in blue
 Nonmetals
 Upper Right side of the Periodic
Table
 Generally brittle solids or gases
 Poor conductors of heat and
electricity
 Bromine is the only liquid at room
temperature
“The Yellow Elements”
 Metalloids
 A.k.a – the semi-metals
 Boxes bordering the stair-step
 Physical and chemical characteristics
of both metals and nonmetals
“The Green Stair-stepping Elements”