History of Architecture: Civilizations

History Of Architecture: Civilizations
Civilization Introduction
Timeline
Ancient Civilization – Mesopotamia
Ancient Civilization – Egypt
Ancient civilization – Indus Valley
Ancient Civilization – Greek
Ancient Civilization - Mesoamerican
` Civilizations Introduction
Source: world history Ancient civilization – Douglas Carnine, Carlos Cortes, Kenneth Curtis, Anita Robinson
` Civilizations Migration
Mesopotamia Egypt Indus valley

3500 BC–2000 BC 3100 BC–600 BC 2500 BC–1500 BC
Larger cities Sumer, Lagash Memphis Harappa,
Mohenjodaro
Specialized Priests, Government officials, Priests, Government Priests, Government officials,
workers Scribes, Soldiers, Potters, officials, Scribes, Soldiers, Scribes, Potters, Artisans,
Weavers, Farmers. Potters, Artisans, Weavers, Farmers.
Weavers, Farmers.
Institutions Religion, Ruling class. Religion, Ruling class. Strong central government
Record Cuneiform writing Hieroglyphic writing Pictographic writing
Advanced Wheel, plow, Sailboat, Papyrus, Mathematics, Irrigation systems,

Technology Bronze Weapons. Astronomy, engineering, indoor plumbing, seals
Cartography
and artifacts
` Civilizations Introduction
House Interiors The houses had
windows but no doors.
Within the houses, people attended
to their daily chores.
The clay hearths and ovens were
built in.
Shrines contained bulls’ heads and
horns. These were common religious
symbols in the village.
Houses with Ladders Over a thousand
houses were packed together. No streets
or alleys separated the houses. For
security, people used ladders to enter the
village.
Rooftops People used the rooftops for a
variety of purposes. They traveled across
roofs. They slept on the roofs in hot
weather. They also used the roofs to dry
their crops in the sun.
` Civilizations Catal Huyuk



` Civilizations
Source: www.timeline.info
` Civilizations Timeline
` Civilizations Timeline
` Civilizations Mesopotamia
` Civilizations
• The City-States of Sumer By 3000 B.C.,

Sumer had at least 12 city-states. Some
of the more famous ones were Kish,
Nippur, and Ur.
• Most city-states were located near the
mouths of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
• The land was especially fertile there.
• Food surpluses supported a larger
population.
• Ur was the hometown of Abraham, who is
an important person in three religions:
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
The ancient Sumerian city of Ur
• The cities of Sumer grew gradually. Instead of straight streets that cross at right
angles, Sumerian cities had narrow, winding streets.
• Protective walls with gates surrounded the city.
• People built their houses of mud walls that were several feet thick. Such thick walls
helped to keep out heat. Narrow tunnels ran through the walls, carrying fresh air
from the outside into the house.
• People first made the doorways by placing a horizontal beam over two vertical
posts. Then they built the mud walls around the doorways.
• A house consisted of a series of rooms arranged around a courtyard. The

builders covered the courtyard with a loose roof of palm leaves over wooden
planks. This roof helped protect people from the hot sun.
• The cooking area was usually located out in the courtyard so the smoke could
escape through gaps in the roof.
• Sumerian Religion The Sumerians believed in many gods and goddesses

-polytheism.
• Sumerians believed that four main gods created the world and ruled over it.
These were the gods of sky, wind, foothills, and fresh water.
• In addition, Sumerians had thousands of lesser gods.
• The largest and most important structure in a Sumerian city was the temple -
Ziggurat.
• The ziggurat was not just a temple; it was the center of city life. The ziggurat
functioned as a sort of city hall. This was because the priests ran the irrigation
systems.
• People came to the ziggurat to pay the priests for their services with grain and
other items. As a result, the priests controlled the storage of surplus grain.
• The priests ended up controlling much of the wealth of the city-state.
Priests Become Leaders Life in Sumer had many dangers, such as floods,
droughts, and invasions. The Sumerians believed the gods could prevent these
troubles. To protect their cities, people tried to please the gods. The priests
worked to satisfy the gods and claimed to have influence with them. Because of
that claim, people accepted the priests as leaders
New Leaders in Sumer Around 3000 B.C., as city-states became richer, other
groups of people began to attack them.
In such dangerous times, the people of the city-state often asked a powerful man to
rule them and protect the city.
At first, such leaders led the city-states only during wars.
Eventually, they took control of the cities full-time. These new leaders took over
some of the priests’ jobs.
In time, this new type of ruler became a king,

Sumerian city of Uruk
• About 2350 B.C., a

powerful leader named
Sargon took control of
both northern and
southern Mesopotamia.
• Sargon of Akkad is
known as the creator of
the first empire in world
history.
• This was known as the

Akkadian Empire
• The empire of Akkad

lasted for about 200
years
• About 2000 B.C., people

known as the Amorites
began to invade and take
control of the city-states of
Sumer.
• They chose the city of

Babylon, which was located
on the Euphrates River, for
their capital.
• Hammurabi – Code of
Hamurabi. 282 laws
• Cyrus conquered the Fertile Crescent lands that

had once been controlled by the Assyrians and
the Chaldeans
• Darius I, spent his first years as emperor dealing

with rebellious peoples. After he put down the
revolts, he moved to conquer lands as far east as
India. The Persian Empire grew to 2,800 miles
from east to west.
• Darius started the use of a Royal Road, or road

for government purposes. The Royal Road was
1,775 miles long.
` Civilizations
` Civilizations Egypt
Source: Graphic History of Architecture – John

Mansbridge
Archaic period. 3150 – 2686 B.C.

1. Dynasty 0 Scorpion, Aha, Narmer
2. Dynasty 1 Menes, Djer, Djet, Den, Queen Merneith
3. Dynasty 2 Peribsen, Khasekhemui

Mansbridge
` Civilizations
` Civilizations
Egypt’s resources into ensuring that their afterlives would be as luxurious and glorious as
possible. History Of Architecture: Civilizations
For a few hundred years at the height of the Old Kingdom, all Egypt’s wealth—stone, gold,
and gems, every peasant’s labor, every artisan’s skill, the central government, and the ent
religious establishment—were harnessed for a single goal: building royal tombs. Advances
in architecture, astronomy, surveying, construction, quarrying, stonework, sculpture, art,
and hieroglyphic writing were focused on designing, building, decorating, and maintaining
the king’s tomb and vast necropolis—a city of the dead, where tombs were laid out like a
well-planned town. Like Djoser, later kings also wanted pyramids. And now they had
the wealth to build on a large scale. They tried several designs. During his 40-year reign,
Fourth Dynasty king Sneferu built at least two pyramids of different designs: his Bent
pyramid, and the Red Pyramid, both at Dahshur. The Bent pyramid was an attempt to build
a true, smooth-sided pyramid. But during construction, it almost collapsed. So the builders
had to reduce its almost 54-degree angle of incline to 43 degrees halfway up, resulting in a
curiously asymmetrical profile. The Red Pyramid is a smooth-sided (not stepped) structure
making it the first true pyramid. Unlike the Great Pyramid and others in the Giza Plateau, t
Red Pyramid at Dahshur rises at a 43-degree angle of incline. Sneferu’s son, Khufu, was t
biggest builder of all. He spent his entire 25-year reign getting ready for his afterlife. It still
holds many mysteries. The Great Pyramid of Khufu, second king of the Fourth Dynasty, is
the only one of the seven wonders of the ancient world still standing. Khufu took the art an
science of pyramid building to heights it had never achieved before, and never would again
Khufu built his pyramid and necropolis at the edge of the desert on the northwestern corne
of the Giza Plateau, southwest of modern Cairo. No one had built there before. When fully
developed,
` Civilizations
the complex stretched over four miles long. It included the Great Pyramid
(surrounded by an eight-foot high wall) and a huge mortuary temple for the king’s funeral. A

Mansbridge
The old kingdom. 2686–2181 B.C.

1. Dynasty 3 Djoser, Khaba, Huni
2. Dynasty 4 Pyramids of Dahshur, Medum, Snefru, khufu,
khafre, Menkaure
3. Dynasty 5 Userkaf, Sahure, Unis
4. Dynasty 6 Teti, Pepi i, Mernere, Pepi ii
First intermediate period - 2181–2040 B.C.
Mansbridge
` Civilizations
` Civilizations
The Middle kingdom. 2040–1782 B.C. reunification

1. Dynasty 11 Intefs, Mentuhoteps
2. Dynasty 12 Amenemhats and Senuserts, Queen

Sobekneferu
Second intermediate period - 1782 – 1570 B.C.
1. Dynasty 13 - 16 Some overlapping. Hyksos
2. Dynasty 17 Sekenenre Tao ii, Kamose
` Civilizations

Mansbridge
The New kingdom 1570–1070 B.C. reunification

1. Dynasty 18 Ahmose, Amenhoteps and Thutmoses, Queen
Hatshepsut, Akhenaton, Tutankhamon, Ay,
Harmhab
2. Dynasty 19 Seti i, Ramses i and ii, Merneptah, Queen Tausert
3. Dynasty 20 Ramses iii–xi, Herihor
` Civilizations

Mansbridge
Third intermediate period. 1070–525 B.C.

1. Dynasty 21 Smendes, Psusennes, Pinudjem
2. Dynasty 22 Libyan. Sheshonks, Osorkons, Takelots
3. Dynasty 23 - 24 Libyan. Country divided.
4. Dynasty 25 Cushite. Piankhi, Shabaka, Taharka
5. Dynasty 26 Saite. Psamtiks, Necho, Apries
` Civilizations

Mansbridge
Late period. 525–332 B.C.
1. Dynasty 27 First Persian
2. Dynasty 28 - 29 Egyptian Dynastys
3. Dynasty 30 Nectanebo I and Ii
4. Dynasty 31 second Persian
Ptolemaic. Conquest by Alexander the great, 332 BC
Succeeded by Ptolemies And Cleopatras.
Roman. Conquest by Julius Caesar, 30 B.C.
` Civilizations
Geometry The Egyptians developed some of the first geometry. Each year the
Nile’s floods washed away
History Ofland boundaries. To
Architecture: restore property lines, surveyors
Civilizations
measured the land by using ropes that were knotted at regular intervals.
Geometric shapes such as squares and triangles were sacred to Egyptians.
Architects used them in the design of royal temples and monuments.
Medicine Egyptian doctors often prepared dead bodies for burial, so they knew
the parts of the body. That knowledge helped them perform some of the world’s
first surgery. Some doctors specialized in using medicines made of herbs.
Egyptian medicine was far from perfect. Doctors believed that the heart
controlled thought and the brain circulated blood, which is the opposite of what
is known now. Some Egyptian treatments would raise eyebrows today. One
“cure” for an upset stomach was to eat a hog’s tooth crushed inside sugar
cakes!
Hieroglyphs Beginning about 3000 B.C., Egyptians developed a writing system
using hieroglyphs. Hieroglyphs (HY•uhr•uh•GLIHFS) are pictures that stand for
different words or sounds. Early Egyptians created a hieroglyphic system with
about 700 characters. Over time the system grew to include more than 6,000
symbols. The Egyptians also developed a paperlike material called papyrus
(puh•PY•ruhs) from a reed of the same name. Egyptians cut the stems into
strips, pressed them, and dried them into sheets that could be rolled into scrolls.
Papyrus scrolls were light and easy to carry. With them,
Egyptians created some of the first books.
` Civilizations

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History Of Architecture: Civilizations

Ancient Civilization – Mesopotamia

Ancient Civilization – Egypt

Ancient civilization – Indus Valley

Ancient Civilization – Greek

Ancient Civilization - Mesoamerican

Mesopotamia Egypt Indus valley

Record Cuneiform writing Hieroglyphic writing Pictographic writing

Advanced Wheel, plow, Sailboat, Papyrus, Mathematics, Irrigation systems,

` Civilizations Catal Huyuk

` Civilizations Catal Huyuk

` Civilizations Catal Huyuk

• The City-States of Sumer By 3000 B.C.,

• Protective walls with gates surrounded the city.

• A house consisted of a series of rooms arranged around a courtyard. The

• Sumerian Religion The Sumerians believed in many gods and goddesses

• In addition, Sumerians had thousands of lesser gods.

At first, such leaders led the city-states only during wars.

In time, this new type of ruler became a king,

Sumerian city of Uruk

• About 2350 B.C., a

• This was known as the

• The empire of Akkad

• About 2000 B.C., people

• They chose the city of

• Cyrus conquered the Fertile Crescent lands that

• Darius I, spent his first years as emperor dealing

• Darius started the use of a Royal Road, or road

Source: Graphic History of Architecture – John

Archaic period. 3150 – 2686 B.C.

Source: Graphic History of Architecture – John

Source: Graphic History of Architecture – John

The old kingdom. 2686–2181 B.C.

The Middle kingdom. 2040–1782 B.C. reunification

2. Dynasty 12 Amenemhats and Senuserts, Queen

2. Dynasty 17 Sekenenre Tao ii, Kamose

Source: Graphic History of Architecture – John

The New kingdom 1570–1070 B.C. reunification

Source: Graphic History of Architecture – John

Third intermediate period. 1070–525 B.C.

Source: Graphic History of Architecture – John

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