FIBRE OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS

UNIT-I

 Presented By:
SUNEEL MIRIYALA M.Tech.(Ph.D)
TEXT BOOKS

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Historical Background

Alexander Graham Bell 

(March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922)

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 History
• Telegraph invented by Samuel F B Morse in 1838
• First Telephone exchange established in 1878.
• Guiding of light by refraction, the principle that makes fiber optics possible, was first
demonstrated by Daniel Colladon and Jacques Babinet in Paris in the early 1840s.(Article or
Journal)
• Olden days, 1880 (Photo phone) Graham Bell
• In the year 1966 this fibre optic communicaion system idea is comes into picture by Kao,
Werts, Hockman . When they are in British company Standard Telephones and Cables (STC) 
• Logically optical frequencies offer higher BW. (conc. Of power in EM wave is easy) (But
medium, sources are a problem)
• 1960 laser…. (High Freq mod., low beamdivergence) (so free space comm possible, but
still……..)
• The life time of lasers is increased in 1977.
• Research on DWG (1000dB/km later 5dB/km).
• Kao earned the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2009

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 Charles K. Kao

Kao, known as the "Godfather of Broadband","Father

of Fiber Optics"or "Father of Fiber Optic
Communications", was awarded half of the 2009 
Nobel Prize in Physics for "groundbreaking
achievements concerning the transmission of light in
fibers for optical communication".
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Block diagrams of basic optical comm. system:

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Digital Optical Link block diagram:

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Need for fiber optic communications
• High security systems like banking, military.

• For Brokerase house , speed of transmission is more crucial.

• Information carrying capacity is

C=BW × log2(1+ SNR ), this phenomenon is invented in the

year 1948 by shanon.
• C α BW α Fc

• Hence fiber optic link is more suitable to satisfy the above

condition.
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Optical Fiber Cable ?

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 Advantages:
• Enormous Potential Band Width
• Small Size and Weight
• Electrical Isolation
• Immunity to interference and crosstalk(emi,rfi,emp)
• Signal Security
• Low transmission loss
• Ruggedness and flexibility
• System reliability and Ease of maintainance
• Potential low cost

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 Application:
• Internet
• Military
• Banking
• Industries
• Medical
• Telecommunication & Computer Networking

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General link Vs Optical link Vs Satellite Link

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 Ray Theory:

According to Snell’s Law

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Total Internal Reflection:

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Acceptance Angle:

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Numerical Aperture:

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 Different Ray Propagations:

Skew Rays

Merdional Rays

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Acceptance angle

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Fiber Structure

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Fiber Structure

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 Need for Cladding
•Provides proper guidance to light
•Avoid leakage of light
•Gives proper mechanical structure
•It protects inner part damages
•It protects core from shocks(tensile stresses)
Mode:
In a given guided structure various possible
E and H field distributions are called modes.
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 Fiber Types:
• Based on RI profile
1. step index
2. graded index
• Based on the propagation of modes
1.single mode
2.multimode
• The fiber cable are manufactured using
sio2,glass,plastic.etc….
• P,B,Ge are added to glass to reduce RI.
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Step Index Fibers:

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Graded index Fibers:

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Evanescent Field and Goo’s shift:

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 Mode Coupling:

The energy of one mode is transfers to another

mode is called mode coupling or mode mixing
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 Fiber Materials
Requirements:
1. Core and cladding have slightly different RI and are of same
material
2. Material must be pure and highly transparent
3. Very long fibers,
4. Thin and flexible are to be manufactured.

Generally glass or plastic is uses for manufacturing fibers.

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• Glass fibers:
Fiber Materials
Majority of the fibers contain silica or silicate. The advantages are
1. Silica is transparent for visible, IR frequencies.
2. Low thermal expansion
3. Chemical stability
4. High(moderate) thermal shock
5. Cost is High.
• Plastic fibers:
1. High thermal expansion.
2. Low Chemical stability.
3. High thermal shock
4. Low Cost

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In another manner

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Modes in a planner guide:
k=2π/λ
β >n1k or n2k
0<b<1

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Mode in a planner guide:

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Cylindrical Fiber:

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Problems

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For Tutorial

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