QADRI COLLEGE

QADRI OF HEALTH
COLLEGE SCIENCES,
OF HEALTH KARACHI
SCIENCES, KARACHI

U-2, 2 OF 2

- Some Important Terms

- Difference B/W Broad Spectrum

& Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics
By: Aftab H. Abbasi
RN, DCHN, BSN, MA, LL.B
Lecturer Nursing

Qadri College of Health Sciences Karachi

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 Some Important Terms
1- Sterilization:
Killing or removing all forms of microbial life
in a material or an object. Heating is the most commonly used method of
sterilization.
STERILANT: an agent or method used to remove or kill all microbes.
STERILE: free of life of every kind.

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 Some Important Terms
2- Antiseptic: 
Defined as antimicrobial substances that are
nondamaging to living tissue/skin while reducing
the possibility of infection, sepsis, or
putrefaction.
OR

Is a substance that stops or slows down the

growth of microorganisms.
They're frequently used in hospitals and other
medical settings to reduce the risk of infection
during surgery and other procedures.

3- Antisepsis:
It destruction or inhibition of germ in living tissue
to limit or prevent the harmful effect infection.

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 Some Important Terms
4- Asepsis:
Is the state of being free from disease-causing
micro-organisms.
OR

Is a condition in which no living disease-causing

microorganisms are present.

Asepsis covers all those procedures designed to

reduce the risk of bacterial, fungal or viral
contamination, using sterile instruments, sterile
draping and the gloved 'no touch' technique.
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 Some Important Terms
5- Sepsis:
Is the body's extreme response to an infection.
6- Aseptic:
An environment or procedure that is free of
contamination by pathogens.
7-Aseptic technique:
Is a process or procedure used to
achieve asepsis to prevent the transfer of potentially
pathogenic micro-organisms to a susceptible site
that may result in the development of infection.
8-SEPTIC: presence of pathogenic microbes in living
tissue.

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 Some Important Terms
9- Macrobiotic:
A diet that consists of
(based on the Chinese cosmological principles of yin and yang)

whole cereals and grains supplemented

especially with beans and vegetables and
that in its especially former more restrictive
forms has been linked to nutritional
deficiencies.

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 Some Important Terms
10- Microbicidal:
An agent that kills microscopic organisms
(bacteria, fungi, and viruses).

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 Some Important Terms
11- Antibiotic:
Any substance that inhibits the growth and
replication of a bacterium or kills it outright can be
called an antibiotic.
Antibiotics are a type of antimicrobial designed to
target bacterial infections within (or on) the body.

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 Some Important Terms
12- BACTERIOSTATIC:
Inhibiting bacterial multiplication. This
action is reversible by removal of agent.
E.g chloromphanicol antibiotic.

13- BACTERICIDAL:
killing bacteria e.g Penicillin and
cephalsporin antibiotics.

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 Some Important Terms
14- FUMIGATION:
Means sterilization by exposure of
vapours.
O.T is Sterilized by formaldehyde vapors.

15- ISOLATION
Means separation of an infected person
from healthy person to prevent the
spread of disease.

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 Some Important Terms
16- INCUBATION PERIOD:
The period starts fro the entry pathogenic
microbe in body till sign and symptoms
appear is called incubation period.

17- CULTURE MEDIA:

The media (Petri dish) for cultivation
(culturing) of microorganisms for diagnosis
and drug sensitivity.

18-PATHOGEN:
Microbes which produce disease.
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 Some Important Terms
19- PHAGOCYTES:
Eating cells. E.g WBCs eat microbes.

20- PHAGOCYTOSIS:
Mechanism to eat the cell.

21- PATHOLOGY:
Branch of medicine treating essential
nature of disease specially changes in
body tissue or organ, which cause or
caused by disease.
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 Some Important Terms
22- VACCINE:
Drug containing live or killed organisms
for the prevention of infectious disease.

23- SPORE:
An oval body formed (in bacteria), a
rounded resistant form adopted by a
bacterial cell in adverse conditions.

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 Some Important Terms
24- SERUM:
 The clear liquid that can be separated
from clotted blood.

25- PLASMA:
The liquid part of the blood and lymphatic
fluid, which makes up about half of the
volume of blood. Plasma is devoid of ( ‫) خال‬
‫ی‬

cells and, unlike serum, has not clotted.

Blood plasma contains antibodies and
other proteins.
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 Some Important Terms
26- PARASITE:
Organisms live on or within living host at whose
expanse it gets some advantages.

27- PARENTERAL:
Means administration of drug or nutrient by
injection or infusion.

28- SAPROPHYTES:
Organisms, living on dead organic matter such as
bacteria and fungi. They are essential for
decomposition of dead material in ecosystem.
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 Some Important Terms
29- COMMUNICABLE DISEASE:
Disease that is spread from person to person.

30- VECTOR:
Animal that transfers microbes from source of
contamination or infected person to healthy
person e.g mosquito, flies, insects.

31- COMMENSALS:
Organism living on or within living thing, and
driving benefits with out harming and
benefiting the host e.g E.Coli in gut.
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 Some Important Terms
32- NORMAL FLORA:
Microbes living on or within host with
benefiting the host. They are found on skin
surface, nose, GIT and gentiles.
FUNCTION:
 Helps in absorption of nutrients.
 Synthesize vitamin K, B12 and lactic acid.
 Prevent colonization of pathogenic microbes.
 Bacteriocin produced inhibit growth of
microbes.
NOTE: They may cause opportunistic infection
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 Some Important Terms
33- ORGANELLES:
Small structures present in cell e.g mitochondria.

34- UNICELLULAR:
Organisms composed of single cell.

35- MULTICELLULAR:
Organisms composed of many cells.

36- MITOSIS:
Is the division of a cell into two daughter cells that
are genetically identical to the parent cell.
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 Some Important Terms
37- MEIOSIS:
Cell division which occurs in germ cells
(sperm) From one parent cell 4 daughter
cells are formed, each cell contains 23
number of chromosomes.

38- GAMETE:
Gametes are male sex cells (SPERM) and
female sex cells (OVA), having haploid (describes a

numbers of chromosomes.
cell that contains a single set of chromosomes.)

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 Some Important Terms
CARYOKINESIS:
This is division of NUCLEUS
CYTOKINESIS:
This is division of cytoplasm
IMMUNOLOGY:
Study of immune system
IMMUNIZATION:
Process of creating immunity by vaccination
IMMUNITY:
Means process of recognizing and
eliminating foreign antigen
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 Some Important Terms

ANTIGEN
any substance that causes immune system to
produce antibodies against disease. It may be a
foreign substance from the environment such as
chemicals, bacteria, viruses, pollen or even food
(Nutrient) particle
ANTIBODY
An immunoglobulin, a specialized immune
protein, produced due to an antigen into the
body, and which possesses the remarkable
ability to combine with the very antigen that
triggers its production.

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 Some Important Terms

INTERFERONS
are proteins made and released by host
cells in response to the presence of
pathogens such as viruses, bacteria,
parasites or tumor cells.
INFECTION
Entry of microbe in body and cause
disease

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 Some Important Terms

NOSOCOMAIL INFECTION
Hospital acquired infection is called nosocomail
infection
BACTRIMIA
Presence of bacteria in blood
BACTERI URIA
Presence of bacteria in urine
SEPTISEMIA
Septicemia is bacteria in the blood (bacteremia)
that often occurs with severe infections.

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 Some Important Terms

PUS
Thick yellow semi liquid substance
consisting dead WBCs bacterial cell and
tissue fluid
VIRULENCE
Power of microbes to produce disease
BACTRIOPHAGE
Bacteriophage is virus that infect the
bacteria.
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 Some Important Terms

ANAEROBES
Can live without oxygen
AEROBES
Live in the presence of
oxygen

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 Some Important Terms
10- Disinfection:
Is the process, which involves the elimination of most
pathogenic microorganisms (excluding bacterial spores)
on inanimate (not alive) objects.

Chemicals used in disinfection are called disinfectants.

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 Some Important Terms
11- Sanitation: 
Is another word for cleaning.
Removing visible contamination and debris (pieces of

and dramatically lowering the number of

rubbish or remains)

germs on the surface.

12- Sanitization:
Cleaning and Disinfection of an area or an item.
The sanitizing is mostly used in the food
preparation areas and refers to eliminating or
reducing bacteria by cleaning and disinfecting.
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 Some Important Terms
13- Degerming:
Is the physical removal of microorganisms
by using such things as soaps or
detergents.
Any chemical agent that kills
microorganisms is known as a germicide.
OR
Mechanical removal of most microbes in a
limited area.
Example: Alcohol swab on skin.
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 Some Important Terms
14- Bacteriostatic Agent:
An agent that inhibits the growth of bacteria,
but does not necessarily kill them. (Suffix stasis: To stop or
steady.)

15-Germicide:
An agent that kills certain microorganisms.

16-Bactericide:
An agent that kills bacteria. Most do not kill
endospores.
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 Some Important Terms
17-Viricide:
An agent that inactivates viruses.

18-Fungicide:
An agent that kills fungi.

19-Sporicide:
An agent that kills bacterial endospores
of fungal spores.

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 Difference of Broad and Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics

Broad-spectrum antibiotics: 
Antibiotic that acts on the two major bacterial
groups, Gram-positive and Gram-negative, or
any antibiotic that acts against a wide range of
disease-causing bacteria.

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 Difference of Broad and Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics
Common examples of broad-
spectrum antibiotics include
(in humans):

• Doxycycline
• Minocycline
• Aminoglycosides (except for streptomycin)
• Ampicillin
• Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (Augmentin)
• Azithromycin
• Carbapenems (e.g. imipenem)
• Piperacillin/tazobactam
• Quinolones (e.g. ciprofloxacin)
• Tetracycline-class drugs (except 
sarecycline)
• Chloramphenicol
• Ticarcillin
• Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim)

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 Difference of Broad and Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics

Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics:

Effective against only a limited range of organisms narrow-
spectrum antibiotics effective only against gram-negative
bacteria.

Examples of narrow-spectrum antibiotics include:

Vancomycin, Fidaxomicin and Sarecycline.

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 Difference of Broad and Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics

Gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet

colour and stains purple.
Gram-negative
bacteria lose crystal violet and stain red.
the two types of bacteria are distinguished
by gram staining.

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 Methods to control Microbial Growth

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 QADRI COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES, KARACHI

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