Materials

Science and
Engineering

M AT E R I A L T E S T I N G

P R E S E N T E D B Y: E N G R . M A R I C E L M . M AT U T O
 To p i c s f o r To d a y
• Thermal expansion
• Absorption of Heat
• Torsion Test
 Thermal Expansion
• Most materials expand as the temperature
increases.
• A temperature change of ΔT produces a change in
length of ΔL = Lα ΔT, where α is the “coefficient of
linear expansion”.
• The change in length is proportional to the origin
length – why?
• Typically α ≈ 10-5/°C for metals.
• The change in length will occur for all dimensions
of an object. Since Volume = Length3, the change
in volume is ΔV = V β ΔT, where β = “coefficient of
volume expansion” = 3α.
• Do demo 4A30.20 - Expansion & Contraction
Demo - Ball and Ring.
 Thermal Expansion
• An engineering application of thermal
expansion is the bimetal strip
thermostat.
• If you bond together two different
materials with different thermal
expansion coefficients, then they will
bend as the temperature changes.
• Many thermostats use a bimetal strip, or
more usually a bimetal coil, as the
temperature sensing elements. A
mercury switch turns on/off according
to the ambient temperature.
 Thermal Expansion
A square plate made of lead has an oval-shaped hole. The oval may
be described by the lengths a and b as shown in the drawing.
Which of the following correctly describes the plate after its
temperature is increased by two hundred Celsius degrees?
A) The size of the plate will increase, but a and b will both
decrease.
B) The size of the plate will remain unchanged, but a and b will
both increase.
C) The size of the plate will increase, and a and b will both
increase.
D) The size of the plate will remain unchanged, but a and b will
both decrease.
E) The size of the plate will increase, but only a will increase.
 Absorption of Heat
• Heat is energy that is transferred between a
system and the environment or another system.
• Heat is transferred from the higher temperature
system to the lower temperature one.
• Heat is measured in units of Joules, calories,
kilocalories, and British thermal units (BTUs).
1 cal = 4.1868 J.

• “Calories” on food labels are actually

kilocalories and are a measure of the energy that
your body can produce by eating the food.
 Heat Capacity
 • If a system absorbs heat (Q) and the temperature of the system
increases by , then

where C is the heat capacity of the system.

• For a system made out of a given material, we can calculate the
heat capacity by multiplying the mass, m, of the system times
the “specific heat”, c, of the material, .
• The heat capacity of water is c = 1 cal/g∙°C, it takes on 1 cal of
heat to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 °C.
• Water has an unusually high heat capacity.
 Specific Heat
1. We fill one beaker with 800 grams of water and
the other with 400 grams of water and 400 grams of
lead. We heat both beakers equally. In which
beaker will the temperature rise faster?
A) beaker with all water
B) beaker with half water/half lead
C) the temperatures will rise at the same rate
 Heat Capacity
2. A swimming pool has a width of 9.0 m and a length of 12.0 m. The
depth of the water is 1.83 m. One morning, the temperature of the pool
water was 15.0 C. The water then absorbed 2.00  10 9 J of heat from the
Sun. What is the final temperature of the water? Assume no heat loss to
the surroundings.
A) 16.9 C
B) 18.1 C
C) 17.4 C Specific heat of water is 4187 J/kg∙K
D) 19.6 C
E) 20.2 C
 Heat of Transformation
• Sometimes heat goes into changes the state of a
system rather than changing its temperature, for
example, heating an ice cube will change the ice
to water, but the water will stay at 0 C until all
of the ice is melted.
• Solid, liquid, and gas are different “phases”.
• Melt = solid → liquid
• Freeze = liquid → solid
• Evaporate/vaporize = liquid → gas
• Condense = gas → liquid
• Sublimate = solid → gas
• Deposit = gas → solid
 Heat of Transformation
• “Heat of transformation” or “latent heat” (L) is the heat per unit mass needed for
the phase change.
• To melt a mass (m) of ice at 0 C into water at 0 C, the heat needed is Q = Lm,
with L = 333.9 kJ/kg.
• Heats of transformation are named for the phase change, e.g “heat of fusion” or
“heat of vaporization”.
Heat of Transformation
 Heat Capacity
3. Four 1-kg cylinders are heated to 100 C and placed on top of a block of
paraffin wax, which melts at 63 C. There is one cylinder made from lead,
one of copper, one of aluminum, and one of silver. After a few minutes, it
is observed that the cylinders have sunk into the paraffin to differing
depths. Which cylinder will sink deepest?

A) Lead
B) Copper
C) Aluminum
D) Silver
 To r s i o n Te s t
- can be performed by applying only a rotational motion or by
applying both axial (tension or compression) and torsional forces.
Types of torsion testing vary from product to product but can
usually be classified as failure, proof, or product
operation testing.
- is to determine sample behaviour when twisted, or
under torsional forces, as a result of applied moments that cause
shear stress about the axis.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qPIug2sewFA