Internet Protocol (IP) ADDRESS

WHAT IS IP ADDRESS ?

Stands for internet protocol

Numerical label assigned to device connected to computer network 

Example:  253.16.44.22 (ipv4) , 3ffe:1900:4545:3:200:f8ff:fe21:67cf (ipv6)

IP address configuration dialog in Windows
 IP address of popular sites

 google.com -------------------------------------------- 172.217.11.174

 facebook.com ------------------------------------------- 31.13.77.36
 mediafire.com ------------------------------------------- 205.196.120.13
 dropbox.com -------------------------------------------- 199.47.217.179
 pastebin.com -------------------------------------------- 69.65.13.216
 PURPOSE OF IP ADDRESS

 Defines the basic unit of data transfer

 Performs the routing function
 Includes set of rules that process the idea of unreliable packet delivery
- how hosts and routers should process packets
-how & when error message should be generated
-the condition under which packets can be discarded
* Host or Network interface identification 
 IP Service

 Delivery service of IP is minimal

 IP provides unreliable connectionless best effort service

- unreliable: IP doesn't make an attempt to recover lost packets.
- connectionless : Each packet is handled independently
- best effort : IP doesn't make guarantees on the service
 IP services

 IP supports the following services

-one to one (unicast)
-one to all (broadcast)
-one to several (multicast)
 unicast addresses – represent a single LAN interface. A unicast frame will be sent
to a specific device, not to a group of devices on the LAN.
 multicast addresses – represent a group of devices in a LAN. A frame sent to a
multicast address will be forwarded to a group of devices on the LAN.
 broadcast addresses – represent all device on the LAN. Frames sent to a broadcast
address will be delivered to all devices on the LAN.
Pictorial representation of unicast, broadcast, and multicast

unicast broadcast
multicast
How to Find IP address
Note:
But Linux users:
Open terminal and Enter ifconfig
 VERSIONS OF IP

1) IPV4:  IPv4(old version) defines an IP address as a 32-bits  number

 Features of IPV4

 Connectionless protocol and best effort based

 Requires less memory
 Simpler and easy to remember
 Millions of devices are already knowing it and also support it
 Benefits of IPV4

 Widely supported by many devices.

 Support all Operating Systems (OS)
 All commonly used protocols are supported.
2) IPV6 : IPv6 (new version) uses 128 bits for the IP address
 Why IPV6
Why IPV6??????????

 Why the internet needs IPV6???? ????????????????

 There are 7 billion people on Earth, but IPv4 only
offered about 4.3 billion IP addresses. IPv6 offers
enough for everyone.

IPV6 provides a platform on new internet functionality that will be

needed in the immediate future and provide flexibility for future growth and expansion.
 Benefits of IPV6

Extensibility

Large addresss space

Built in security

IPV6
Better support for QoS

Efficient & hierarchical

addressing & routing
infrastructure
New header format
 Class of IP address

There are 5 types of class in IP address and they are :

1: Class A: ( for government ,multinational companies etc. )

0nnnnnnn lllllllll llllllll llllllll
The first 8 bits of a class A address indicate the network number.
The remaining 24 bits can be modified by the administrative user of the network address
to represent addresses found on their “local” devices. Here “n's" indicate the location of
the network number bits in the address. The “l's" represent the locally administered
portion of the address
first bit of class A address always zero, the class A network
numbers begin at 1 and end at 127
2: Class B: (big companies, hospitals etc.)
10nnnnnn nnnnnnnn llllllll llllllll

The first 16 bits of a class B address indicate the

network number. The remaining 16 bits can be modified by the
administrative user of the network address to represent addresses found
on their “local” hosts. A class B address is identified by the 10 in the first
two bits first two bits of class B address containing 10, the class B
network numbers begin at 128 and end at 191
3: Class C : (medium companies)
110nnnnn nnnnnnnn nnnnnnnn llllllll
The first 24 bits of a class C address indicate the network
number. The remaining 8 bits can be modified by the administrative user of
the network address to represent addresses found on their “local” hosts. A
class C address is identified by the 110 in the first three bits.
The first three bits of class C address containing 110, the class C network
numbers begin at 192 and end at 223.
4: Class D: (for multicasting)
Multicast addresses are in the 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 range, or
in binary have the four high-order bits as 1110. This is defined as Class D
addresses.
5: Class E : (for experimental use)
Class E addresses, which cover the 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255
range, have been reserved for future addressing modes.
 Summary of classes

Class Network Bits Host Bits Total Networks Total Addresses

A 8 24 127, 16,777, 216
B 16 16 16, 384 65,536
C 24 8 2,097,152 256
The End