SWITCHED

RELUCTANCE
MOTORS
 HISTORY
 INVENTED BY DAVIDSON OF
SCOTLAND IN 1838
 WAL`KER INVENTED VARIABLE
RELUCTANCE MOTOR IN 1920
 BEDFORD AND HOFT FILED US
PATENTS ON SRM IN 1971
 HEWLETT PACKARD- USED SRM IN
VOLUME APPLICATION
(DRAFTMASTER PLOTTER)
2
 INTRODUCTION
 Pple of stepper motor; magn material
suspended in magn field align in direction of
field due to torque
 Basically stepper motor;i.e rotate through fixed
angle [step angle] when input pulse is applied
 Speed proportional to pulse frequency;
pulse<200Hz-discrete rotation and
pulse>16KHz-continous rotation
 When step angle decreases,num of steps / rev
increases
 Stepper motors:#sr motors #pm motors
#hybrid motors
 PRIMARY CHOICE FOR SERVO APPLICATIONS
 SIMPLE MOTOR CONSTRUCTION AND POWER
CONVERTER MADE IT ATTRACTIVE ALTERNATIVE
TO INDUCTION MACHINES
 LIKE AC MACHINES,SRM DONOT REQUIRE
COMMUTATOR AND BRUSHES
 HIGH PEAK TORQUE,POWER DENSITY,TORQUE
INERTIA RATIO
 VARIABLE SPEED MACHINE
 PRINCIPLE
 MAGNETIC RESISTANCE OR RELUCTANCE
 PRINCIPLE OF RELUCTANCE MOTOR
 MAGNETIC FIELD CAUSES MAGNETIC CURRENT TO
FOLLOW ALONG A PATH OF LEAST RELUCTANCE
 HOPKINSON’S LAW,
R=MMF/FLUX,

R-RELUCTANCE(AMP-TURNS/WB)
F-MMF(AMP-TURNS)
FLUX,WEBERS
 AIR AND VACUUM HAVE HIGH RELUCTANCE,
SOFT IRON HAS MINIMUM RELUCTANCE

 CONC OF FLUX FORM TEMP POLES AND ATTRACT

 R=L/UoUrA
 RELUCTANCE MOTOR IS SALIENT POLE
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR WITH NO FIELD
WINDINGS
 WHEN ARMATURE COILS ARE EXCITED, ROTOR
ALIGNS IN THE DIRECTION OF MINIMUM
RELUCTANCE[RELUCTANCE TORQUE]
 T=3V2[Xd-Xq]Sin2{LOAD ANGLE}
2wXdXq
 V:PER PHASE RMS VOLTAGE
 W=SYNC SPEED RAD/SEC
 Xd:DIRECT AXIS RELUCTANCE
 Xq:QUAD AXIS RELUCTANCE
CONSTRUCTION
 STATOR AND ROTOR ARE SALIENT IN STRUCTURE
 STATOR WINDINGS ARE INDEPENDENT CONCENTRATED
WINDINGS WHICH ARE EXCITED WITH SWITCHES FROM
SOURCE
 NO FIELD WINDINGS HENCE SINGLY EXCITED
 DIAMETRICALLY OPPOSITE ARMATURE WINDINGS ARE
CONNECTED TO FORM A PHASE
 FOR BIDERCTIONAL CONTROL AND SELF STARTING,NUM
OF ROTOR POLES ARE LESS THAN NUM OF STATOR POLES
 M15,M17,M19 FOR HIGH SPEED AND HYPERCO AND
VANADIUM PERMENDUR FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE
 SINGLE STACK AND MULTI STACK CONSTRUCTION
POSSIBLE
WORKING
 FIG SHOWS AN 8/6 SINGLE STACK WHICH HAS 4 PHASES
A,B,C,D
 WHEN PHASE A IS EXCITED RELUCTANCE TORQUE CAUSES
ROTOR TO TURN UNTIL IT ALIGNS WITH AXIS OF PHASE A.
 EXCITATION IS CHANGED TO B AND A IS DEEXCITED
BEFORE ALIGNMENT
 ROTATION IS IN DIRECTION OF ENERGISATION
 DIRECTION OF ROTATION REVERSED BY REVERSING
SEQUENCE OF EXCITATION
 SPEED DEPENDS ON MAGNITUDE OF INPUT
 MICROSTEPPING CAN BE DONE
 FOR SINGLE STACK ONLY 1 ROTOR AND STATOR
 FOR MULTI STACK OPERATION,NUM OF
ROTOR AND STATOR DEPENDS ON NUM OF
PHASES
 POSITION OF MIN RELUCTANCE CHANGED
WITH HELP OF POSITION SENSORS
 WHEN PHASE IS EXCITED AFTER THE
ROTOR PASSES POINT OF MIN
RELUCTANCE, REVERSE TORQUE
ACTS[REGENERATIVE BRAKING]
 TORQUE

CHARACTERISTICS
DUE TO SALIENCY OF STATOR AND
ROTOR,INDUCTANCE IS A FUNCTION OF ROTOR
POSITION
 A 6 ROTOR MACHINE HAS 6 MAX AND MIN VALUES OF
INDUCTANCE
 IF APPLIED INPUT IS V,
V{inst}=Ri+Ldi/dt +WmidL/d0
 BACK EMF,e=WmidL/do
 i V{inst}=Ri2+d(Li2/2)/dt +Wmi2dL/d0
 T=i2/2dL/dO
 INPUT=WINDING HEAT LOSS+RATE OF CHANGE OF
STORED MAGNETIC ENERGY+MECH POWER OUTPUT
 4-QUAD OPERATION IS POSSIBLE BY
ADJUSTING TIME OF INPUT PULSE
 IF INPUT IS DURING POSITIVE SLOPE OF
L/ROTOR ANGLE PLOT POSITIVE TORQUE;I
AND IV QUAD OPERATION
 IF INPUT IS DURING NEGATIVE SLOPE
NEGATIVE TORQUE;II AND III QUAD
OPERATION
 POSITION SENSORS ARE REQUIRED TO
KNOW THE ANGLE AT WHICH INPUT IS TO
BE PROVIDED
 MODES OF OPERATION
 CONSTANT TORQUE MODE[CURRENT
CONTROL
 CONSTANT POWER MODE[ANGLE
CONTROL]
 CONSTANT POWER*SPEED
MODE[FORCEDCURRENT CONTROL WITH
EXTERNAL RESISTANCE]
 WITH SOURCE VOLTAGE CONSTANT,Eb
INCREASES WITH SPEED ENOUGH TIME IS
NOT AVAILABLE FOR CURRENT TO
DEVELOP
 IN MODE II :WINDING IS CONNECTED TO SOURCE
EARLIER THAN ANGLE AT WHICH INDUCTANCE
BEGINS TO RISE
 CURRENT REACHES MAX VALUE;Eb INCREASES
HENCE CURRENT BEGINS TO FALL
 DUE TO CONSTANT DC SOURCE, FLUX INCREASES
UNIFORMLY UNTIL CURRENT IS REVERSED AFTER
WHICH FLUX DECREASES UNIFORMLY
 HENCE CURRENT AND FLUX BECOMES ZERO WHEN
NEGATIVE CYCLE OF VOLTAGE IS COMPLETED
 OPERATES IN THIS MODE UPTO UPPER THRESHOLD
SPEED,Wmp
 AT LOW SPEEDS[MODE I] Eb IS SMALL, TIME FOR CURRENT
IS LARGE
 TO LIMIT CURRENT TO SAFE VALUES THE SWITCHES ARE
OPENED AND CLOSED SEQUENTIALLY LIKE CHOPPER
 AVERAGE TORQUE IS CONTROLLED BY AMPLITUDE OF
CURRENT
 WORKS IN THIS MODE UPTO BASE SPEED,Wmb
 CONVERTER SYSTEM
 BRIDGE CONVERTER
USED PER PHASE
 WHEN Q1 AND Q2
CLOSED CURRENT
FLOWS THROUGH
SWITCHES AND PHASE
 WHEN Q1 OPEN AND Q2
CLOSED;CURRENT
FREEWHEELS THROUGH
D1 BACK TO SOURCE
 WHEN BOTH Q1 AND Q2
OPEN CURRENT
FREEWHEELS THROUGH
D1 AND D2
 DEPENDING ON MODE
OF OPERATION 3 DRIVE
CIRCUITS ARE USED
 CONSTANT VOLTAGE DRIVE[CONSTANT
POWER MODE]
 CURRENT FORCED DRIVE[CONSTANT
POWER*SPEED MODE]
 CHOPPER DRIVE [CONSTANT TORQUE
MODE]
 FEATURES
 ADVANTAGES
ROTOR HAS NO WINDINGS COMMUTATOR
OR BRUSH
TORQUE –INERTIA RATIO IS HIGH
HIGH RELIABILITY,WIDE SPEED RANGE,LOW COST
FAST RESPONSE,RUGGEDNESS,FAULT TOLERANCE
NO SHOOT THROUGH AND CROSS OVERS IN
CONVERTER
NO PERMANENT MAGNET
OC VOLTAGE AND SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT AT
FAULTS IS ZERO
 DISADVANTAGES
ROTOR POSITION SENSORS REQUIRED
TORQUE RIPPLES ARE HIGH
ACOUSTIC NOISE IS PRESENT
 APPLICATIONS
 FLUID PUMPS,VACUUM BLOWERS
 PROCESS CONTROL INDUSTRIES
 HYBRID/ELECTRIC VEHICLES
 ELECTROMECHANICAL BRAKE SYSTEM
 ELECTRIC POWER STEERING
 STARTER GENERATOR SYSTEM
 FUEL PUMP OPERATION