Types of Cements

• Ordinary Portland Cement (Type – I)

• Rapid Hardening or High Early Strength
Cement (Type – III)
• Quick Setting Cement(Type – III)
• High Alumina Cement(Type – III)
• Portland Slag Cement
• Low Heat Cement(Type – IV)
• Air Entraining Cement (Type I-A, II-A, III-A)
• Water Proof/Repellent Cement
• White /Colored Cement
• Portland Pozzolana Cement 1
Rapid Hardening or High Early
Strength Cement
• Gains strength faster than OPC. In 3 days
develops 7 days strength of OPC with same
water cement ratio

• After 24 hours – not less than 160 kg/cm 2

(2276 psi)
• After 72 hours – not less than 275 kg/cm 2
(3391 psi)

• Initial and final setting times are same as OPC.

• Contains more tri-calcium silicate (C 3S) and 2

finely grounded.
Rapid Hardening or High Early
Strength Cement
• Emits more heat during setting, therefore
unsuitable for mass concreting

• Lighter and costlier than OPC. Short curing

period makes it economical

• Used for structures where immediate loading

is required e.g. repair works

3
Quick Setting Cement
• Sets faster than OPC.

• Initial setting time is 5 minutes.

• Final setting time is 30 minutes.

• Used for concreting in underwater or

running water.

• Mixing and placing has to be faster to avoid

initial setting prior to laying. 4
 High Alumina Cement
• Black chocolate color cement produced by fusing bauxite and
limestone in correct proportion, at high temperature

• Resists attack of chemicals, sulphates, seawater, frost action

and also fire. Useful in chemical plants and furnaces

• Ultimate strength is much higher than OPC

• Initial setting time is 2 hours, followed soon by final set

• Most heat emitted in first 10 hours so good for freezing

temperatures in cold regions (below 18°C)

• Develops strength rapidly, useful during wartime emergency

5

• Unsuitable for mass concrete as it emits large heat on setting

Portland Slag Cement
• Produced by mixing Portland cement clinker,
gypsum and granulated blast furnace slag

• Cheaper than OPC, blackish grey

• Lesser heat of hydration. Initial setting 1 hour

and final setting 10 hours

• Better resistance to soils, sulphates of alkali

metals, alumina, iron and acidic waters

• Suitable for marine works, mass concreting

6

• Due to low early strength, not suitable for RCC

 Low Heat Cement
• This cement on setting develops less heat generation
than OPC.

• It is best suited in hot climate for civil works

construction.

• Low percentage (5%) of tri-calcium aluminates (C3A)

and silicate (C3S) and high (46%) of di-calcium silicate
(C2S) to keep heat generation low.

• It has low lime content and less compressive

7
strength.
Low Heat Cement
• Initial and final setting times nearly same as
OPC.

• Very slow rate of developing strength

• Not suitable for ordinary structures as

• Shuttering required for long duration so
cost will increase

• Prolonged curing is required

8
• Structure utilization will be delayed
Air-Entraining Cement
• OPC with small quantity of air entraining
materials (resins, oils, fats, fatty acids) ground
together

• Air is entrained in the form of tiny air bubbles

during chemical reaction

• Concrete is more plastic, more workable, more

resistant to freezing

• Strength of concrete reduces somewhat

• Quantity of air entrained should not be more than

5% to prevent excess strength loss 9
Air-Entraining Cement

10
Water Proof/Repellent Cement
• It contains a small percentage of water-proofing
material(some percentage of some metal stearate (Ca, Al
etc)) with the cement and is manufactured under the
name “Aqua-crete”.

• It is resistant to water and oil penetration.

• It is also resistant to acids, alkalizes and salts

discharged by industrial water.

• It is used for water retaining structure like tanks,

reservoir, retaining walls, pool, dam etc
11

• It is also used to resist moisture penetration in

basements etc.
Water Proof/Repellent Cement

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13
White/Colored Cement
• White color is due to White Chalk and China Clay.
(Absence of Iron oxide)

• Oil fuel is used for burning of this cement instead of

coal.

• Much more costly than OPC.

• Suitable pigments used to impart desired color.

• Pigments used should be chemically inert and durable

under light, sun or weather.
14

• Used in construction of Pre cast members and for

roof/wall tiling or marble etc.
Uses

15
 Engr. Muhammad Usman
Introduction Binding Materials
to Civil Engineering (Cement
Materials and
and
Farooqi Lime)
Properties by Engr. Muhammad Usman Farooqi
1616
Portland Pozzolana Cement
• OPC clinker and pozzolana (calcined clay,
surkhi and fly ash) ground together

• Properties are same as OPC

• Produces less heat of hydration and offers great

resistance to attacks of sulphates and acidic
waters

• Used in marine works and mass concreting

17
• Ultimate strength is more than OPC but setting
timings are same as OPC
Properties of cement components

Ultimate
Rate of Heat
Component cementing
reaction liberated
value
Tri-calcium silicate,
Medium Medium Good
C 3S
Di-calcium silicate,
Slow Small Good
C 2S
Tri-calcium
Fast Large Poor
aluminate, C3A
Tetra-calcium
alumino ferrite, Slow Small Poor 18

C4AF
Cement Properties
 Fineness: Finer cements react quicker with
water and increase shrinkage and cracking of
concrete.
 Soundness: Change in volume of concrete after
setting. It may cause cracks, distortion and
disintegration of concrete.
 Setting time: Initial setting time is that stage
after which any cracks that may appear do not
reunite. Final setting is that stage when it has
attained sufficient strength and hardness.
 Compressive strength: of cement and sand
mortar should not be less than
◦ 115 kg/cm2 after 3 days 19

◦ 175 kg/cm2 after 7 days

Setting and hardening of cement
 The chemical reaction between cement and
water is called hydration of cement.
 When cement is mixed with water (25-35% by
weight), a stiff and sticky paste is formed which
remains plastic for a short period.
 With passage of time, the plasticity disappears
and the cement past becomes stiff due to initial
hydration of cement. This phenomenon of
plastic cement changing into a solid mass is
known as setting of cement.
 On setting, cement binds the aggregates into a
solid mass which gains strength as the time
passes, till hydration of cement is complete. 20
Setting and hardening of
cement
• The phenomenon by virtue of which the cement
paste, which is finally set, develops strength is
known as hardening of cement.

• Heat of hydration: The reaction of cement with

water evolves heat known as heat of hydration.

• The rate of setting and hardening of cement, the

rate of evolution of heat and resistance to
chemical attack are affected by the proportions of
different cement components. 21
Setting and hardening of
cement
 C3S and C2S constitute about 70-80% of all
Portland cements.
 Tri-calcium silicate (C3S): C3S hydrates more
rapidly than C2S and develops strength in
concrete for first 28 days. It also generates
more heat.
 Di-calcium silicate (C2S): C2S is next to hydrate
but it hydrates slowly and is responsible for the
ultimate strength. C2S takes 2-3 years for its
complete hydration which contributes towards
ultimate strength of cement mortar or concrete. 22

It is more resistant to sulphate attacks.

Setting and hardening of
cement
 Tri-calcium aluminate (C3A): When cement
reacts with water, C3A is the first to react with
water and causes the initial set. It generates
great amount of heat and is easily affected by
sulphates.
 C3A contributes little to the strength of
concrete.
 C3A is rendered ineffective by addition of
gypsum during grinding of clinkers.
 Gypsum reacts with C3A and turns it into
calcium sulpho-aluminate which causes 23

expansion during setting.

Setting and hardening of
cement
• C4AF
(Felite):
• It is
comparatively
inactive and
contributes
little to the
strength of
concrete and
the heat of
hydration.

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