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Course Title: Clinical Pharmacy-III

Topic: Introduction to clinical kinetics

Ms. Anum Hanif

Lecturer
Faculty of Pharmacy
Hajvery University (HU)
Learning outcomes
Students will learn in this lecture about;
• Introduction to Clinical Pharmacokinetics
• Pharmacokinetics terminologies.
 Clinical pharmacokinetics
• Mathematical interpretation and calculation of
ADME. or
• Study of time course of ADME and their
corresponding pharmacological response.
• There are some factors to be study are as
follow:
• Physicochemical factors, Biological and
Formulation factors.
• Goal is to enhances the efficacy and
decreasing toxicity.
• To prevent cure or control of disease state.
• Adequate drug doses must be deliver to target
tissues, directly sample the drug concentration
in blood, plasma, saliva, urine and other fluid
samples.
Pharmacological terminologies
Vd:
• It is the hypothetical volume of fluid into
which drug is disseminated. its expressed in L.
• C=A/Vd where A=amount of drug in body
C=concentration of drug in plasma
• after administration of drug,initially the
plasma concentration falls rapidly after
distribution and elimination.However when
equilibrium reached then changes in plasma
concentration is due to elimination and it falls
at slower rate then drug follows two
compartment model.
• however if drug is quickly distribute then
alpha phase is not seen then drug follows one
compartment model.
• beta phase indicates elimination.
Half life:
• Time required for serum concentration to
decrease by one half of original value.
• concentration of drug in plasma or in body is
reduced to half of original value. 
• t1/2=0.693/k(cl)
Bioavailability:
• the fraction of dose administered which is
observed and reaches the systemic
circulations. Bioavailability of IV route is
100%.
Steady state:
• at steady state drug administration is equal to
drug elimination and mean concentration
remains constant.
elimination rate constant:
• the fraction or amount of drug in body
eliminate per unit time.
creatinine clearance:
• Creatinine is the metabolic by product of
muscle and individual muscle mass or lean
body wt. Primarily determine its rate of
formation. Its is expressed in ml/min.
• Crock-Craft and Gault equation;
• CrCl (males) = (140-age) IBW / Scr × 72
• CrCl (females) = CrCl (males) × 0.85
• IBW
• Males =50kg +2.3kg for each inch over 5ft
• Females= 45.5kg+ 2.3kg for each inch over 5ft
Half life (zero order)
• Half life in zero order kinetic reaction is
directly proportional to the initial
concentration of reactants.
Half life (First order)
• Half life in first order kinetics reactions are
independent of initial concentration.
• t1/2= 0.693/ Kel
one compartment model
• Immediate and uniform
• Complete drug distribution into single
compartment followed by elimination.
two compartment model
• Distribution initially to central compartment
followed by a gradual equilibrium with
peripheral compartment.
Therapeutic index:
• Ratio between the effective dose and toxic dose
of drugs. It is the comparison of amount of
therapeutic agent that causes the therapeutic
effect, to the amount the causes the toxicity.
T.I= TD50 / ED50
Systemic drug concentration:
• Amount or concentration of drug present in
systemic circulation both bound to proteins or
unbound the latter of which generally response
to the therapeutical active function.
Dose regimen
• Dose of the drug given at regular intervals in
repetitive manner.

individualized dosage regimen

• Dosage individualization is an adaptation of
dosage regimen in function of clinical
characteristics of the individual to achieve the
best possible outcomes or therapeutic efficacy
at lowest risk of toxicity.
First order elimination
• Rate of biotransformation is proportional to
amount of drug in apparent compartment in
which the site of biotransformation is located.
• A directly proportionality exist between drug
concentration at any specific time and size of
dose.
Zero order elimination
Here the drug concentration and Kel is constant.
It is independent of concentration of drug.
Summary
The student have learnt about the:
• Introduction to Clinical Pharmacokinetics
• Pharmacokinetics terminologies.
 THANK
YOU!!
 ANY
QUESTIONS!!!!
Students you can ask any question regarding this
lecture.
Google Classroom discussion board.