FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT

Elements of flexile pavement structure

Design of flexible
pavement
Malaysian Design
Methods (JKR)
Arahan Teknik Jalan 5/85
Arahan teknik jalan 5/85 manual introduced in 1985.
This manual is suitable for the design of major roads
where the traffic is medium or heavy.
Date required in the design are

1. Design period, n (JKR suggest to use 10 years)

2. Class of road (e.g R5, R4)
3. Initial average daily traffic, ADT
4. Percentage of commercial vehicles, Pc
5. Average annual traffic growth, r
6. Subgrade CBR
7. Terrain condition
Design process
1. Calculate the initial annual commercial vehicle for
one direction (from the expected year of
completion of construction, onwards)

Vo = ADT x 0.5 x 365 PC/100

where
ADT = Average Daily Traffic
PC= Percentage of commercial vehicles
  Calculate
2. the total number for commercial
vehicles for the design period in one
direction

Where;
Vo = initial yearly commercial traffic
r = rate of annual traffic growth
x = design life
3. Calculate the total cumulative equivalent standard axle
load application for the design period

ESA = Vc x e;
4.Check daily capacity at the end of the design period
Total one way traffic at the end of x years

Vx = V1(1+r)x

 Maximum one way hourly flow

c=IxRxT

Where;
c is the maximum one way hourly capacity
I is the ideal hourly capacity as in Table 3.6
R is the roadway factor as in Table 3.7
T is the traffic reduction factor in Table 3.8
Assuming hourly capacity, c as 10% of the 24 hrs;thus daily capacity is

C = 10 x c

Where;
C is the 24 hrs. one way traffic capacity
c is the maximum one way hourly capacity
Check

  C > Vx

If C > Vx  OK
(capacity will not be exceed at the end of design period)

If C < Vx  Not OK
(capacity will be exceed by the end of design period)

When C < Vx happens, need to reduce design period.

Years required to reach capacity,

5. Determine the subgrade CBR
In the case of varying CBR within a meter depth of
subgrade, the mean CBR is determined as follows:

CBRm = [(h1CBR11/3 + h2CBR21/3+….+hnCBRn1/3)/(1000)]3

Where
CBRm =mean CBR value for that location
CBR1, CBR2, CBRn = CBR value of each layer
h1,h2,hn = thickness of each layer
h1+h2+hn = 1000 mm
6. Obtain the equivalent thickness , TA’ from the
nomograph
7. Calculate The thickness for each layers;

TA = a1 D1 + a2 D2 +...+ anDn

where
al,a2 ... an are the structural coefficients of each
layer as shown in Table 3.9
D1 D2 ... Dn are the thickness of each layer as
shown in Table 3.10, 3.11 and 3.12
Nomograph
Example
Determine the required thickness for a JKR 05 road base on these
data:

Carriageway width = 7.5 m

Shoulder width = 2.0 m
ADT, both way = 6,600
Percentage of commercial vehicles = 15%
Traffic growth rate = 7%
Subgrade CBR = 5%
Terrain = rolling
Surfacing =asphaltic concrete
Road base = wet mix macadam
Subbase = sand
Solution
Determine the required thickness for
 Initial
1.
  annual commercial
traffic for one way a JKR 05 road base on these data:
Vo = ADT x 0.5 x 365 PC/100
Carriageway width = 7.5 m
Vo = 6600 x 0.5 x 365 x 0.15 Shoulder width = 2.0 m
ADT, both way = 6,600
=181,000 Percentage of commercial vehicles =
15%
Traffic growth rate = 7%
Subgrade CBR = 5%
2. Cumulative commercial
Terrain = rolling
traffic for the design period
Design period = 10 years
Surfacing =asphaltic concrete
= [181,000 (1+0.07)10-1]/0.07 Road base = wet mix macadam
= 2.5 x 106 Subbase = sand
 Determine the required thickness for
3. Since Pc = 15% and
a JKR 05 road base on these data:
JKR 05 road, therefore
e=2 Carriageway width = 7.5 m
Shoulder width = 2.0 m

4. Cumulative equivalent ADT, both way = 6,600

Percentage of commercial vehicles =
standard axles for the
15%
design life Traffic growth rate = 7%
Subgrade CBR = 5%

ESA = Vc x e Terrain = rolling

Design period = 10 years
Surfacing =asphaltic concrete
ESA = 2.5 x 106 x 2 Road base = wet mix macadam

= 5.0 x 106 Subbase = sand

5. Estimated daily traffic per direction
per lane after 10 years;
Vx = V1(1+r)x
= 6600/2 (1+0.07)10
= 6492
7. Maximum hourly
one way traffic flow
c=IxRxT
= 1000 x 1.0 x 0.77
= 770veh/hour/lane
7. Maximum daily 5. Estimated daily
capacity per lane traffic per
per direction is direction per lane
after 10 years;
C= 10 x 770 = 7700 Vx = V1(1+r)x
veh/day/lane = 6600/2 (1+0.07)10
= 6492
Since 6492<7700, hnce
capacity have not been
reached after 10 years
From the nomograph, with ESA = 5 x 106 and CBR = 5%, the required TA’
is 26 cm
Layer coefficient and minimum thickness

Layer Material Coefficient Minimum

Thickness
(cm)
a1 Asphaltic 1.00 9
concrete
a2 Mechanically 0.32 10
stabilized
crushed
aggregate
a3 sand 0.23 10
First trial
Nominate D1 =12.5 cm, D2 = 18 cm, D3 = 20
cm
Then, SN = (1.00 x 12.5) + (0.32 x 18) + (0.23
x 20) = 22.86 < TA’…..Not ok

Second trial
Nominate D1 =15 cm, D2 = 20 cm, D3 = 20 cm
Then, SN = (1.00 x 15) + (0.32 x 20) + (0.23 x
20) = 26 =TA’…..Ok
Taking into consideration the minimum
thickness requirements, the pavement
structure then consists of the following
thickness

Wearing course = 5 cm
Binder course = 10 cm
Road base = 20 cm
Subbase = 20 cm