Direct Translation

Techniques

Presented by :
1. Abdul Chasib (180403001)
2. Salsabilah Arifah (180403005)
3. Ervi Ananda Ayu R. (180403009)
 Direct Translation Techniques

Direct Translation Techniques are used when structural

and conceptual elements of the source language can be
transposed into the target language.
Direct Translation
Techniques Include :

01 03
Borrowing
02
Literal
Translation
Calque
 01

Borrowing
Borrowing

 Borrowing is the taking of words directly from one language into another without translation.

 Many English words are "borrowed" into other languages, for example software in the field of
technology and funk in culture.

 English also borrows numerous words from other languages such as :

• abbatoire, café, passé and résumé from French,
• hamburger and kindergarten from German,
• bandana, musk and sugar from Sanskrit.

 Borrowed words are often printed in italics when they are considered to be "foreign".
Borrowing

 Borrowing is a common translation technique.

 It basically means that the translator makes a
conscious choice to use the same word in the target
text as it is found in the source text.
 This is usually the case when there is no equivalent
term in the target language.
Borrowing

 This technique also allows the translator to put a text clearly within
a particular cultural context through the register of the vocabulary it
uses.
 Certain terms allow people belonging to communities of similar
interests to transcend linguistic boundaries.
 Despite using different linguistic systems, they share the same
reality and the same code to decipher it.
 Depending on where this code was created, some words will have a
lot more prestige than others in a certain context.
 02

Calque
 Calque

 A calque or loan translation (itself a calque of German Lehnübersetzung)

is a phrase borrowed from another language and translated literally
word-for-word. You often see them in specialized or internationalized
fields such as quality assurance (aseguramiento de calidad, assurance
qualité taken from English).
 Some calques can become widely accepted in the target language (such
as standpoint, beer garden and breakfast and Spanish peso mosca and
Casa Blanca from English flyweight and White House).
Calque

 The meaning other calques can be rather obscure for most people,
especially when they relate to specific vocations or subjects such as
science and law.
 Solución de compromiso is a Spanish legal term taken from the
English compromise solution and although Spanish attorneys
understand it, the meaning is not readily understood by the layman.
 An unsuccessful calque can be extremely unnatural, and can cause
unwanted humor, often interpreted as indicating the lack of expertise
of the translator in the target language.
 THERE ARE 4 TYPES OF
CALQUE:

1. Paronymous Calque Or Loan Word

It is the result of an incorrect correspondence between two words that have similar forms or
etymologies but that have evolved differently in their respective languages to the point that they
now have different meanings.

2. Orthographic Calque

It is normally appears in the transliteration of the names of people, places, and ethnicities. Spelling
and writing conventions of the source language that make little or no sense in the target language
are copied without too much attention.
 3. Typographic Calque
takes place when typographical conventions that only exist in the source language are
transferred to the new language. For example, English’s employment of capital letters has started to
creep into Spanish, as well as the use of italics for emphasis and certain uses of quotation marks.

4. Syntactic or Structural Calque

is the product of erroneous connection between the elements of a sentence or phrase. The
result is the creation of a third language; in this instance, Spanglish.
 03/

Literal Translation
Literal Translation

 Literal translation, also called “formal equivalence” by Eugene Nida, is a

translation that follows closely the form of the source language. It is also known
as word-for-word translation.
 Although literal translation might work just fine for technical texts such as
instruction leaflets and manuals, it has a big flaw when it comes to everyday
expressions. In this case, translating word for word generates a nonsensical text
that just sounds awkward and not fluent.
 The reason why literal translation has had some supporters in the past is because
it was believed to be more accurate. A literal translation is certainly accurate. The
problem with accuracy is that it is not always the best way to convey the right
meaning.
Literal Translation

How to translate idioms ?

some fixed expressions cannot be translated literally or word for word without
losing the meaning completely. Think about expressions such as “Not worth the
candle”, “A Chip on your shoulder”, “A leopard can’t change his spots” or “a piece of
cake”.

Would you attempt to translate them word for word?

In this case the job of the translator is to find a dynamic translation that conveys the
same meaning without using the same words.
LOGO

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