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Chapter 3. Axial Loading (Part 1)
Chapter 3. Axial Loading (Part 1)
AXIALLOAD
Application
Application
Application
P qa
A
a
2P 2P
B
q
4a
C
Contents
1 Definition – Internal force
2 Stress
3 Strain
4 Material properties
5 Design of axially loaded members
6 Strain energy
7 Energy method
8 Statically indeterminate structures
I. Definition – Internal force
1.1. Definition
P P
q q
z
Nz
I. Definition – Internal force
2. Normal force diagram
1. Normal force function
P P
A P Nz
z q
l 1
1 q
Nz
B
P+ql z
N z qz P
I. Definition – Internal force
N Btr ,z Nz
A 1 3 3
P
1 1 1 P q
B dz
2B 2
2 4 4
3 q3 2 N zd ,B N z dNz
dz
4 4
z
C dN
N Bd , z N Btr ,z P q dz
N Cz
N B
R BC
z
q
I. Definition – Internal force
Nd ,B
N tr ,B P qa
Step 1: z z qa
A
dN z a
F
dz q 3qa 2qa
B
Step 2:
N C
NBR BC
Z z
q 3a 3F q
C
P0 qa
Nz
I. Definition – Internal force
P P P P qa P
A
A qa qa A qa
a a A a P P
a A a 2P 2P
3P 2P 3P B
B
B B B P P
q a a
q C
2a 2a C
a 2P 4a q 4a q
C C D
C D
II. Stress
z
z
II. Stress
Nz
Nz zF z
z dF z dF
F
F F
C
B
15kN 20kN
B A
900N
II. Stress
Problem: Determine the normal stress of points A, B, C, D in the bar.
Draw distributed normal stress
C
8kN
3kN
Problem
The A-36 steel rod is subjected to the axial forces shown. The rod have a
cross-sectional area of F = 100mm2. Determine the maximum stress of
the rod .
Problem
P qa
qaA
A
a
2P 2P a F
3qa
B B
q
4a
3a 3F q
C
C
Problem
The rigid bar is supported by the pin-connected rod CD that has a cross-
sectional area of F = 50mm2.
Determine the maximum stress of structure.
2m D 1m
P
II. Stress
Problem: If the allowable normal stress for the bar is σallow = 120MPa,
determine the maximum axial force P that can be applied to the bar.
II. Stress
Problem: The steel bar has the dimensions shown. Determine the
maximum axial force P that can be applied so as not to exceed an
allowable tensile stress of σallow = 150MPa.
II. Stress
2.4. Stresses on inclined sections
p u
N
Nz Nz Fz F
Nz
q u
Q
v
U 0 N z cos Nu 0
N u N z cos
V 0 N z sin Qv 0 N z sin
Qv
Fz
We have: Fu
cos
u
u
z cos
2
z
uv sin uoruv
2 2 z z
z
A
u
0,
5z z z
2 2
uv
0,
5z max z
max z B
z z 2
z 2
2
2
max
min
III. Strain
* Absolute deformation b
Before deformation
b
1
L − elongation
L
b b
b1
After deformation
* Relative deformation
L
L b
z − normal strain * − transverse strain
L b
* z
Where: ν –Poisson’s ratio
III. Strain
F – cross-sectional
area
E – modulus of elasticity
III. Strain
Special case
Nz
* If
EF const on L:
Nz L
L
EF
III. Strain
Special case
* If EF = const on
Li:
P qa
A qa
n
SN
z
a E, L
3P 2qa i1 EF i
F
B
q E,
3a 2F Where SNz – area of normal force diagram
C
qa
Nz
1 2qa.2a 1
qa. qa.a qa 2
LAC
a EF 2 E.2F 2
E.2F 4EF
IV. Material properties
IV. Material properties
D
b
E
f
ch B C
tl
A
O
z
E tg
Hooke’s law:
Failure stress:
0 tl ten
tl com
t
l
IV. Material properties
kéo
b
Failure stress:
k k n
0n b 0
IV. Material properties
Problem: Data taken from a stress–strain test for a ceramic are given
in the table. The curve is linear between the origin and the first point.
Plot the diagram, and determine the modulus of elasticity.
IV. Material properties
max
[σ] – allowable
stress Find dangerous point
n (σmax=?)
0
σ0 – the failure
stress.
n – the factor of safety. Nz 0
Ductile material: 0 tl tlk n max
F max
n
tl
Nz 0k
max
F max k n
Brittle material: 0k bk 0n n
b Nz 0n
min
mi n
F n