Programme 19: Integration applications 1

PROGRAMME 19

INTEGRATION
APPLICATIONS 1

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 19: Integration applications 1

Basic applications
Parametric equations
Mean values
Root mean square (rms) values

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 19: Integration applications 1

Basic applications
Parametric equations
Mean values
Root mean square (rms) values

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 19: Integration applications 1

Basic applications
Areas under curves
Definite integrals

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 19: Integration applications 1

Basic applications
Areas under curves

The area above the x-axis between

the values x = a and x = b and
beneath the curve in the diagram is
given as the value of the integral
evaluated between the limits x = a
and x = b:
b

 f ( x)dx   F ( x )  x  a
b

x a

 F (b )  F ( a )
where
f ( x)  F ( x)

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 19: Integration applications 1

Basic applications
Areas under curves

If the integral is negative then

the area lies below the x-axis.
For example:

3
3
 x3 
x1     
2 2
( x 6 x 5) dx 3 3 x 5 x 
  x 1
 ( 3)  (2 13 )
 5 13

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 19: Integration applications 1

Basic applications
Definite integrals

The integral with limits


xa
f ( x) dx

is called a definite integral:

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 19: Integration applications 1

Basic applications
Definite integrals

To evaluate a definite integral:

b


xa
f ( x) dx

(a) Integrate the function (omitting the constant of integration) and

enclose within square brackets with the limits at the right-hand end.
(b) Substitute the upper limit.
(c) Substitute the lower limit
(d) Subtract the second result from the first result.
b

 f ( x )dx   F ( x )  x  a  F (b)  F (a ) where f ( x)  F ( x)

b

xa

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 19: Integration applications 1

Basic applications
Parametric equations
Mean values
Root mean square (rms) values

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 19: Integration applications 1

Basic applications
Parametric equations
Mean values
Root mean square (rms) values

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 19: Integration applications 1

Parametric equations

If a curve has parametric equations then:

(a) Express x and y in terms of the parameter

(b) Change the variable
(c) Insert the limits of the parameter

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 19: Integration applications 1

Parametric equations

For example, if x =at 2 and y =2at then the area under the curve y
Between t = 1 and t = 2 is:

b 2

ò ò
2
A= y dx = 2at.2at dt where x =at so dx =2atdt
x=a t=1
2

=4a 2 òt 2 dt
t=1

28a 2
=
3

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 19: Integration applications 1

Basic applications
Parametric equations
Mean values
Root mean square (rms) values

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 19: Integration applications 1

Basic applications
Parametric equations
Mean values
Root mean square (rms) values

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 19: Integration applications 1

Mean values

The mean value M of a variable y = f (x) between the values x = a and x =

b is the height of the rectangle with base b – a and which has the same area
as the area under the curve:

Area
M
Base line
A

ba
b
1
b  a x a
 ydx

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 19: Integration applications 1

Basic applications
Parametric equations
Mean values
Root mean square (rms) values

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 19: Integration applications 1

Basic applications
Parametric equations
Mean values
Root mean square (rms) values

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 19: Integration applications 1

Root mean square (rms) values

The root mean square value of y is the square root of the mean value of
the squares of y between some stated limits:

rms  mean value of y 2 between x  a and x  b

b
1
 
2
y dx
b  a xa

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 19: Integration applications 1
Learning outcomes

Evaluate the area beneath a curve

Evaluate the area beneath a curve given in parametric form

Determine the mean value of a function between two points

Evaluate the root mean square (rms) value of a function

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text