MSPM’S

Deogiri Institute of Engineering and Studies,

Aurangabad
Department of Basic Science and Humanities
SUBJECT – Engineering Physics
Power Point Presentation Topic:
PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT
Submitted By
KRUSHNA KULKARNI (Roll No.1559)
RASIKA JOSHI (Roll No.1545)
MANALI BANSODE (Roll No.1507)
YASH KHULE (Roll No.1556)
Computer Science and Engineering
 Contents

1. Introduction
2. History/Origin
3. Theory
4. Applications
5. Conclusion
 Introduction
What is the Piezoelectric Effect?
Piezoelectric Effect is the ability of certain materials to generate an
electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress.
The word Piezoelectric is derived from the Greek piezein, which means
to squeeze or press, and piezo, which is Greek for “push”.
When piezoelectric material is placed under mechanical stress, a shifting
of the positive and negative charge centers in the material takes place,
which then results in an external electrical field. When reversed, an outer
electrical field either stretches or compresses the piezoelectric material.
 History

The direct piezoelectric effect was first seen in 1880, and was initiated by the
brothers Pierre and Jacques Curie. By combining their knowledge of pyroelectricity
with their understanding of crystal structures and behavior, the Curie brothers
demonstrated the first piezoelectric effect by using crystals of tourmaline, quartz,
topaz, cane sugar, and Rochelle salt.
 Quartz crystal Tourmaline crystal

During World War II, research groups in the US, Russia and Japan discovered a new
class of man-made materials, called ferroelectrics, which exhibited piezoelectric
constants many times higher than natural piezoelectric materials. Although quartz
crystals were the first commercially exploited piezoelectric material and still used in
sonar detection applications
 Theory

Piezoelectric Materials

There are many materials, both natural and man-made, that exhibit a range of piezoelectric
effects. Some naturally piezoelectric occurring materials include Berlinite (structurally
identical to quartz), cane sugar, quartz, Rochelle salt, topaz, tourmaline, and bone (dry bone
exhibits some piezoelectric properties due to the apatite crystals, and the piezoelectric effect
is generally thought to act as a biological force sensor). An example of man-made
piezoelectric materials includes barium titanate and lead zirconate titanate.
In recent years, due to the growing environmental concern regarding toxicity in lead-
containing devices and the RoHS directive followed within the European Union, there has
been a push to develop lead free piezoelectric materials
 Vibrations of Piezoelectric Effect

Piezoelectric components and elements are mostly fabricated in

a plate or shell configuration for engineering use and undergo
both static and dynamic forces. Many scientists paid more
attention to the study of piezoelectric plates as the piezoelectric
patches, used as actuator or sensor, are usually considered as
plates because of their plate like geometry. Vibration and wave
propagation in piezoelectric plates have received considerable
attention due to the increasing use of piezoelectric transducers
in acoustics and ultrasonic.
Wave Propogation in Piezoelectric

Wave propagation in a piezoelectric medium has

been extensively investigated in connection with
the generation and transmission of disturbances in
electro-acoustic devices such as transducers and
resonators. Both, theoretical and experimental
studies on wave propagation in piezoelectric
materials attract the attention of scientists and
engineers. Kyame (1949) studied the wave
propagation in piezoelectric materials by taking
quasi-static electric field approximation into
account.
 Applications

High Voltage and Power Source

An example of applications in this area is

the electric cigarette lighter, where pressing
a button causes a spring-loaded hammer to
hit a piezoelectric crystal, thereby
producing a sufficiently high voltage that
electric current flows across a small spark
gap, heating and igniting the gas. Most
types of gas burners and ranges have a
built-in piezo based injection systems.
 Motors

Because very high voltages correspond to only tiny changes in the

width of the crystal, this crystal width can be manipulated with
better-than-micrometer precision, making piezo crystals an
important tool for positioning objects with extreme accuracy,
making them perfect for use in motors, such as the various motor
series offered by Nano motion.
Regarding piezoelectric motors, the piezoelectric element receives
an electrical pulse, and then applies directional force to an opposing
ceramic plate, causing it to move in the desired direction. Motion is
generated when the piezoelectric element moves against a static
platform (such as ceramic strips).
 Sensors

The principle of operation of a piezoelectric sensor

is that a physical dimension, transformed into a
force, acts on two opposing faces of the sensing
element. The detection of pressure variations in the
form of sound is the most common sensor
application, which is seen in piezoelectric
microphones and piezoelectric pickups for
electrically amplified guitars. Piezoelectric sensors
in particular are used with high frequency sound in
ultrasonic transducers for medical imaging and
industrial nondestructive testing.
 Actuators

As very high electric fields correspond to only tiny changes in the

width of the crystal, this width can be changed with better-than-µm
precision, making piezo crystals the most important tool for
positioning objects with extreme accuracy — thus their use
in actuators. Multilayer ceramics, using layers thinner than 100 µm,
allow reaching high electric fields with voltage lower than 150 V.
These ceramics are used within two kinds of actuators: direct piezo
actuators and Amplified piezoelectric actuators. While direct
actuator's stroke is generally lower than 100 µm, amplified piezo
actuators can reach millimeter strokes.
 Drivers

Piezo drivers can convert low battery voltage

into high voltage to power piezoelectric
devices. Piezo drivers are very important,
because they help engineers produce more
voltage to create larger sine waves.
 A piezo driver converts low battery voltage to
higher voltage, which is used to power an
amplifier that drives the device. An oscillator
inputs small sine waves that the amplifier turns
into larger sine waves
 Conclusion

piezoelectricity is what helps it keep regular time. If you've been

writing a letter or an essay on your computer with the help of voice
recognition software, the microphone you spoke into probably used
piezoelectricity to turn the sound energy in your voice into
electrical signals your computer could interpret. If you're a bit of an
audiophile and like listening to music on vinyl, your gramophone
would have been using piezoelectricity to "read" the sounds from
your LP records. Piezoelectricity (literally, "pressing electricity") is
much simpler than it sounds: it just means using crystals to convert
mechanical energy into electricity or vice-versa
Thank you