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States of Matter: Advanced Secondary 1
States of Matter: Advanced Secondary 1
States of Matter: Advanced Secondary 1
Advanced Secondary 1
State How the particles are arranged Diagram of particles
VOLUME
VOLUME
• Charles’ Law
IDEAL GAS
LAWS
• Charles’ Law
R is gas constant
Ideal Gas Equation
•For
an ideal gas, we can combine the laws about how the volume of a gas depends on
temperature and pressure.
Putting all these together, gives us the general gas equation:
p = pressure in Pa (Pascal)
V = volume of gas in cubic meters (m3)
n = number of moles of gas
R = gas constant (8.31 J K-1 mol-1)
T = temperature in Kelvin (K)
•0.96
g of oxygen gas is contained in a glass vessel of volume 7.0 x 10-3 m3 at a
temperature of 30 0C. What is the pressure of gas in the vessel?
LIMITATIONS OF THE IDEAL GAS LAWS
•
•A flask of volume 100 cm3 was found to contain 0.5599 g of gas X. The pressure and
the temperature in the flask, respectively; 4.92 atm and 27 0C. Calculate the
molecular mass of gas X and identify the gas X. (1 atm = 101325 Pa)
The molecules is the vapor become closer together. Eventually the molecules with lower kinetic
energy will not be able to overcome the attractive forces of neighboring molecules. The vapor begins
to condense. Some molecules return to the liquid. Eventually, molecules return to the liquid at the
same rate molecules escape to the vapor. A position of equilibrium is reached.
At equilibrium the concentration (number of particles) of the molecules in the vapor remains
constant.
In this situation the pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid is called Vapor
pressure.
The kinetic of the liquid particles in condensation process:
• The particles lose kinetic energy so the molecules move
around less quickly
• The particles experience increasing forces of attraction
• The particles move more slowly and become closer together
when the temperature is sufficiently low; the gas liquefies
THE SOLID STATE
Many ionic, metallic and covalent compounds are crystalline.
When a force is applied, the layers can slide over each other. This explains why
metals are malleable and ductile.
GIANT MOLECULAR LATTICES
Carbon (graphite and diamond) and silicon oxide can be giant molecular
structures.
Graphite and diamond are from same element (carbon) but they have different
crystalline or molecular forms, that is called Allotropes
Graphite The properties of graphite are related
to its structure
• High melting and boiling points
• Softness: graphite is easily scratched.
This is due to the forces between the
layers of carbon atom weak.
• Good conductor of electricity.
Because the delocalized electrons
(mobile electrons) can move along
the layers.
Diamond The properties of diamond are related
to its structure
• High melting and boiling points
• Hardness: diamond cannot be
scratched easily because it is difficult
to break the strong covalent bonds.
• Does not conduct electricity or heat:
each of the four outer electrons on
every carbon atom is involved in
covalent bonding.
Carbon nanoparticles (other type of carbon
allotropes)
Graphite and diamond are not the only allotropes of carbon. In recent years,
substances called fullerenes and Graphene have been made.
The structure of fullerenes is based on rings of carbon atoms, as is the
structure of graphite.
The individual particles in fullerenes may have one of their dimensions
between 0.1 and 100 nanometers.
The types of fullerenes is divided into two substances:
Buckminsterfullerene and nanotubes