AIR CARGO AND GROUND

HANDLING SERVICES
 Airline geography is determining routes and
passengers revenue for the airline for the
particular route or country
 Destination geography means details of

hotels resorts tourism and other important

aspects at point of destination.
 Any person wishing to work in the aviation

industry needs to develop knowledge of the

location of major destinations and airports
around the world
 The person entering airlines should know worldwide
geography in relation to airline routing and
 Worldwide features across airline routes:

 major international routes across the three IATA

areas and their sub-areas

 global features (continents, hemispheres, signifi

cance of lines of latitude and longitude, time zones)

 global indicators, e.g. routeing and impact on

mileage and fare, potential stopovers

 political features on maps (boundaries, countries,

capital cities, major gateway airports)

 physical features on maps (mountain ranges,

deserts, tundra, ice caps, major forests, seas, rivers,

lakes, oceans)
 One should also Understand the importance of
providing accurate and relevant air travel
information using aviation terminology
 Flying times using reference sources, e.g. travel,
atlas, Official Airline Guides (OAG):
 24-hour clock  local time  international date line
 time zones, e.g. USA – Eastern Time, Pacific
Time, Mountain Time, Australia – Western Standard
Time, Eastern Standard Time , Greenwich Mean
Time (GMT), Universal Time Coordinated (UTC),
Daylight Saving Time (DST)  elapsed flying time
FLYING TIME

 Tourists often travel between countries/cities situated in

different time zones. Therefore, it is important for a tourist
to be able to determine what his arrival time will be in the
country.
 Flying time refers to the approximate time that has elapsed
since his/ her departure.

 Illustrative Example Mr. James from South Africa will be

departing on a business trip to Rio de Janeiro on 21 March
2019 at 08:00 and his flight will last for fourteen hours.
What will the time and date be when he arrives in Rio De
Janeiro? Instruction 1: Complete steps 1 – 3 South Africa =
+2 Rio de Janeiro = - 3 Time difference = 5hrs 08:00 – 5hrs
 Nonstop:
A nonstop flight is just what is says: a single flight between two
airports with no stops. Business travellers favour nonstop flights
because they are the fastest, but they are frequently the most
expensive.
 Direct:

While a direct flight might sound like a nonstop flight, it's not. A
direct flight makes at least one intermediate stop along the way to
its final destination, but has only one flight number.
For example, if you choose a direct flight between New York and
Houston you'd fly on one plane the whole way to Houston. But that
plane would make a stop in, say, Baltimore or Atlanta, where it would
drop off and pick up more passengers, like a bus. Due to these
stops, direct flights can add an hour or more to your total travel
time.
 Often, direct flights are less expensive than
nonstop flights, but not always. If you have a
choice between a direct or a nonstop and the
price is the same, take the nonstop!
Connecting:

 A connecting flight means it will take at least

two different planes with two different flight
numbers to reach your final destination. For
example, a connecting flight from San
Francisco to New York on United Airlines
would mean flying from San Francisco to
Denver, or Chicago, or any major airline hub,
where you would then disembark and board
another plane for another flight from that city
to New York.
 Connecting flights are almost always less expensive than nonstop
flights, but they are not always the best option for travellers who
place a premium on time.

 Because, you'll have to schlep hand luggage on and off the plane
multiple times in each direction. Connections often mean landing in
one concourse, then having to take a train or a long walk to
another concourse. When you take off and land, you double your
chances of encountering delays due to weather or air traffic control.

 Connecting flights can also take significantly longer than direct or

nonstop flights due to long layovers. For these reasons, connecting
flights are always the least desirable in terms of convenience... but
the most desirable in terms of price
 Aviation is one of the world’s most important businesses.
The growth of the
 industry over the past decades has made it one of the

engines for the expan-

 sion of the global economy. The aviation industry has

driven a substantial
 part of the economic and social integration that has

brought much of the

 world closer. By moving billions of passengers and billions

of tons of cargo
 each year, the industry has changed the way of life of most

human beings
 on this planet.
What type of flight will you be taking?
Aviation security
 Aviation security is a combination of human
and material resources to safeguard civil
aviation against unlawful interference.
Unlawful interference could be acts of
terrorism, sabotage, threat to life and
property, communication of false threat,
bombing
Security Risks
 Aviation provides a tremendous number of opportunities to
individuals or groups seeking to achieve their violent ends. First
criminals and later terrorists realized that aviation gave them access
to a wide variety of options when it came to getting what they
wanted.

 Criminals have traditionally looked upon aviation as an environment

ripe with offerings. Billions of tons of cargo, hundreds of millions of
passengers, and the ability to move easily and, more recently,
affordably for long distances has lured criminals to use aviation as
one of the most viable means to enrich themselves.

 For terrorists, aviation has long served as a target-rich environment

offering a place on the world stage to trumpet their political, social,
or religious beliefs.
The Chicago Convention of 1944

 During and after World War II, aircraft design

and capabilities were changing rapidly, and at
the same time a vast network of passenger
and freight movement was being established.
 However, there were many problems, both

political and technical, to which solutions had

to be found in order to benefit and support
the postwar environment
The Birth of Aviation Security

 In the early 1960s, due to a spate of hijackings of

aircrafts by citizens seeking to flee Communist
oppression, the ICAO Council’s legal committee was
directed to develop international conventions to deal
with unlawful interference with civil aviation, which
resulted in the birth of aviation security at the Tokyo
Convention.

 The outcome was agreement on the application of the

charter adopted at the Chicago Convention to offenses
committed by a person who is on board an aircraft.
Clearly, this was only one step toward the broader goal
of establishing aviation security practices.
TODAY

 Aviation is one of the world’s most important

businesses. The growth of the industry over the
past decades has made it one of the engines for
the expansion of the global economy.
 The aviation industry has driven a substantial
part of the economic and social integration that
has brought much of the world closer.
 By moving billions of passengers and billions of
tons of cargo each year, the industry has
changed the way of life of most human beings
on this planet
THREAT VERSUS RISK

 The suggestion here is that there needs to be a

better system of evaluating and responding to risk.
 The first element in this approach is to understand

what threat means. Threat is an exploitable

vulnerability.
 When one examines the range of potential targets

that modern aviation offers to a perspective terrorist,

the threat appears enormous and unmanageable.
 The theft and counterfeiting of travel documents, the

attacks on land and air targets, and the theft of

equipment, just to name a few of the problems
 THREATS TO VARIOUS SEGMENTS OF THE AVIATION
INDUSTRY

 two broad categories of aviation are the

landside and airside categories, both of which
will be addressed in this section.
 From the terrorist perspective, the landside

segment offers a large and relatively

untapped operational environment.
 Criminal activity is more common on the landside. This
includes smuggling, theft, and other activities directly
related to aviation, but also ancillary activities such as
identity theft from travel documents or crime in airport-
based hotels. This issue becomes more pressing as the
industry moves to wireless travel

 Access control is a critical issue for security. This

includes access not only to secure areas but to the
perimeter fencing as well. There are many countries
where basic security is lacking or in poor repair, allowing
unauthorized persons to gain easy access to aircraft as
stowaways.
 But the best way to protect aviation also involves the
weakest and least developed area, that is, people.

 The need for trained and motivated staff members

who are encouraged and supported in their efforts
to protect civil aviation is the most vital component.

 All of the profiling and scanning Aviation Security

Management equipment will not stop a determined
attacker if the security personnel are inattentive or
corrupt
 ICAO uses information from the following
sources to assess the risk facing international
civil aviation:

 ICAO Acts of Unlawful Interference Database;

risk assessments carried out by the Aviation
Security Panel’s Working Group on Threat and
Risk (refer to the ICAO Aviation Security Global
Risk Context Statement); and analysis of audit
findings by the Universal Security Audit
Programme (USAP).
 These same sources, also used in identifying
priorities in the GASeP, indicate that air transport is
challenged by a number of security risks, as
evidenced by the following: a) sixty-nine acts of
unlawful interference were recorded between 2011
and 2016. Twenty-one out of 69 incidents had
fatalities (a total of 884 deaths). Facility attacks
represented the highest number with 24 incidents
(or 32 per cent), followed by unlawful seizure with
18 incidents (or 26 per cent), sabotage with 15
incidents (or 22 per cent) and other acts with 12
incidents