B.

TECH - ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DATA

SCIENCE
EE18151 – BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING
(UNIT- 1)
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS & MEASURMENTS
(PART-3: Measuring Instruments)

COURSE INSTRUCTOR
THAMIZMANI S
AP/EEE,SVCE
UNIT I
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS & MEASURMENTS
• Ohm’s Law – Kirchhoff’s Laws – Steady State Solution of DC
Circuits using Mesh Analysis
• Introduction to AC Circuits – Waveforms and RMS Value – Power
and Power factor, Single Phase and Three Phase AC Balanced
Circuits.
• Construction and working Principle of Moving Coil and Moving
Iron Instruments (Ammeters and Voltmeters), Dynamometer
type Watt meters and Energy meters (Qualitative treatment
only)
Hours: 10
 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

“The device used for comparing the unknown quantity with the
unit of measurement or standard quantity is called a Measuring
Instrument.”
OR
“An instrument may be defined as a machine or system which is
designed to maintain functional relationship between prescribed
properties of physical variables & could include means of
communication to human observer.”
 CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTS

I. Depending on the quantity measured:

e.g. Voltmeter, Ammeter, Wattmeter, Energy meter and ohm meter

II. Depending on the different principles used for their working:

e.g. Moving Iron type, Moving coil type, Dynamometer type and
Induction type.

III. Depending on how the quantity is measures:

e.g. Deflecting (Indicating) type, Integrating type and Recording
CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTS
 CLASSIFICATION OF SECONDARY INSTRUMENTS

Indicating Instruments:
It indicate the magnitude of an electrical quantity at
the time when it is being measured. The indications are given by
a pointer moving over a graduated dial.
 CLASSIFICATION OF SECONDARY INSTRUMENTS

Recording Instruments:
The instruments which keep a continuous record of the
variations of the magnitude of an electrical quantity to be
observed over a defined period of time.
 CLASSIFICATION OF SECONDARY INSTRUMENTS

Integrating Instruments:
The instruments which measure the
total amount of either quantity of electricity or
electrical energy supplied over a period of
time. For example energy meters.
 ESSENTIALS OF INDICATING INSTRUMENTS
A defined above, indicating instruments are those which
indicate the value of quantity that is being measured at the time
at which it is measured. Such instruments consist essentially of a
pointer which moves over a calibrated scale & which is attached
to a moving system pivoted in bearing.

The moving system is subjected to the following three torques:

1. A deflecting ( or operating) torque;
2. A controlling ( or restoring) torque;
3. A damping torque.
 FUNCTION OF TORQUES IN INSTRUMENTS
1. A deflecting ( or operating) torque: Used for deflection to
pointer over a dial scale in a meter

2. A controlling ( or restoring) torque: Used for bring a

pointer to reset (zero or initial state) when source of
deflecting torque is removed

3. A damping torque: Used to avoid the continuous

oscillation (swing) of pointer about the dial scale readings.
 DEFLECTING TORQUE
 This torque acts on the moving system (pointer) of the instrument to give
the required deflection.
 It exists as long as the instrument is connected to the supply.
 It is produced by any one of the effects such as magnetic,
electromagnetic, induction, chemical effects.
 The deflecting torque shall ensure a deflection proportional to the
magnitude of the quantity being measured.
 The magnitude of the deflecting torque produced is actually dependent on
the quantity to be measured.
 This cause the moving system of the instrument to move from its zero
position.
 
𝑻𝒅∝𝑰
 CONTROLLING TORQUE
 This torque is always present in the instrument whether it is connected
to the supply or not.
 The control torque increases with the deflection of the moving system.
 It opposes the deflecting torque.
 The moving system is brought to a steady deflected position when
the control torque is balanced by the deflecting torque.
 The control torque is also essential to bring back the pointer to its
initial or rest or zero position once the instrument is disconnected
from the supply.
 The control torque can be produced using spring or gravity control.

𝑻 𝑪 ∝𝜽
 
Controlling torque is produced either by spring or
gravity control.
Spring Control:
When the pointer is deflected one spring
unwinds itself while the other is twisted.
This twist in the spring produces
restoring (controlling) torque, which is
proportional to the angle of deflection of
the moving systems.
   

=I
@ Equilibrium point
 

=I
 Gravity Control
• In gravity controlled instruments, a small adjustable weight is attached to the
spindle of the moving system such that the deflecting torque produced by the
instrument has to act against the action of gravity.
• Thus a controlling torque is obtained. This weight is called the control
weight. Another adjustable weight is also attached is the moving system for
zero adjustment and balancing purpose. This weight is called Balance
weight.
 DAMPING TORQUE

• We have already seen that the moving system of the instrument will
tend to move under the action of the deflecting torque.
• But on account of the control torque, it will try to occupy a final
steady position when the two torques are equal and opposite.
• However, due to inertia of the moving system, the pointer will
not come to final steady position immediately but oscillate
about its final deflected position as shown in figure and takes
appreciable time to come to steady state.
• To overcome this difficulty a damping torque is to be developed by
using a damping device attached to the moving system.
DAMPING TORQUE
• The damping torque is proportional to the speed of rotation of the
moving system, that is

• Depending upon the degree of damping introduced in the moving

system, the instrument may have any one of the following conditions as
depicted in above graph.
 DAMPING TORQUE
1. Under damped condition:
The response is oscillatory
2. Over damped condition:
The response is sluggish and it rises very slowly from its zero position to
final position.
3. Critically damped condition:
When the response settles quickly without any oscillation, the system is
said to be critically damped.
The damping torque is produced by the following methods:
1.Air Friction Damping
2.Fluid Friction Damping
3.Eddy Current Damping
4.Electromagnetic Damping
 TYPES OF AMMETERS & VOLTMETERS

1) Moving Iron Type Meters (AC & DC);

a) Attraction type,
b) Repulsion type.
2) Moving Coil Type Meters (AC & DC);
a) Permanent Magnet type,
b) Electrodynamic or Dynamometer.
3) Hot Wire Type (AC & DC);
4) Induction Type (AC & DC);
a) Split phase,
b) Shaded Pole type.
5) Electrostatic Type for Voltmeters Only;
 According to Syllabus

1) Permanent Magnetic Moving Coil (PMMC) meter

– Voltage or Current measurement for DC only

2) Moving iron (MI) meter

– Voltage or Current measurement for both AC & DC

3) Dynamometer type Watt meters

– V, I and Power measurement for both AC and DC

4) Energy meters (Integrating instrument)

– Energy Measurement for AC only
 PERMANENT MAGNET MOVING COIL
INSTRUMENTS (PMMC)
The Permanent Magnet Moving Coil Instruments are used for DC
measurements.

Principle: Motoring principle

When a current carrying coil is placed in the magnetic field produced

by permanent magnet, the coil experience a force and moves. The
amount of force experienced by the coil proportional to the current
passing through it
As the coil is moving and the magnet is permanent, the instrument is
called Permanent Magnet Moving Coil Instruments. This basic
principle is called D’Arsonaval Principle.
 PERMANENT MAGNET MOVING COIL
INSTRUMENTS (PMMC)
Construction: It consists of Permanent Magnet, Moving coil, Iron core,
Pointer with dial scale, Mirror, Spring Balance, Spindle, Pivot and Jewel Bearing

Construction of permanent magnet moving coil

PERMANENT MAGNET MOVING COIL
INSTRUMENTS (PMMC)
Construction:
Permanent Magnet: The shape of
Permanent is horse-shoe and which
providing magnetic field

Moving coil: The moving coil is either

rectangular or circular in shape. The
coil is placed in uniform, horizontal and
radial magnetic field.

Iron Core: Spherical shaped iron core

used for Circular coil and Cylindrical
shaped iron core used for rectangular
PMMC instrument coil.
 PERMANENT MAGNET MOVING COIL
INSTRUMENTS (PMMC)
Construction:
Pointer with dial scale: The pointer is carried by spindle and it moves
over a graduated scale. The Pointer is light in weight so that it can deflect
rapidly.
Mirror: To avoid Parallax error

Controlling Torque: Controlling is provided by the two phosphor

bronze spring.

Damping Torque: Damping Torque is provided by the eddy current

damping.
PERMANENT MAGNET MOVING COIL INSTRUMENTS
(PMMC)
PERMANENT MAGNET MOVING COIL INSTRUMENTS
(PMMC)

The controlling torque is

produced by the spring and it is
proportional to the deflection of
pointer

Thus the deflection is directly

proportional to the current
passing through the coil
 PERMANENT MAGNET MOVING COIL
INSTRUMENTS (PMMC)

Advantages:
1. Uniform scale
2. High accuracy
3. Low power consumption in the range of 25W to 200 μW
4. Torque to weight ratio is high. It result high accuracy.
5. Very high sensitivity
6. Provided effective damping
7. Free from hysteresis, external magnetic fields
8. The range of instruments can be extended
 PERMANENT MAGNET MOVING COIL
INSTRUMENTS (PMMC)

Disadvantages:
1. Suitable for DC measurements only.
2. High cost
3. Friction due to jewel-pivot suspension
 MOVING IRON INSTRUMENTS (MI)
The moving iron instruments are used for both DC and AC
measurements

The moving iron instruments are classified as

i) Moving iron attraction type instruments
ii) Moving iron Repulsion type instruments
a) Radial vane type
b) Co-axial vane type
 I. MOVING IRON ATTRACTION TYPE
INSTRUMENTS
Principle: A Soft iron piece is placed in the magnetic field produced by
the coil, and then the soft iron piece is attracted towards the coil.
Construction:
 MI instruments consists of two coils then
1. Fixed Coil
2. Moving Coil
 Fixed hollow cylindrical (or) Solenoid coil which carries operating current
 Movable soft iron piece is attached to the spindle
 Spindle is attached to the pointer which moves over a graduated scale
 The spindle is supported by Jewel bearings
 The number of turns in the coil is depends on range of the instruments.
 A light aluminum piston is attached to the moving system, it moves in the fixed
chamber. The chamber is closed at one end.
 I. MOVING IRON ATTRACTION TYPE
INSTRUMENTS
Controlling Torque: Controlling is provided by the Spring or gravity.
Damping Torque: Damping Torque is provided by the Air friction.

Moving Iron Attraction Type Instruments

 II. MOVING IRON REPULSION TYPE INSTRUMENTS
Principle: These instruments have two vanes inside the coil, the one is
fixed and another is movable
When the current flows in the coil, both vanes are magnetized and there is
a force of repulsion between the two vanes which causing the movement
in moving vane

There are two types of repulsion MI instruments

i) Radial vane type
ii) Co-axial vane type
 RADIAL VANE TYPE INSTRUMENT
 It consists of two vanes one is fixed vane and another one is movable vane
 The fixed vane is attached to attached to the coil
 The movable vane is attached to the spindle
 The pointer is attached to the spindle

Both the vanes are magnetized to the same

polarity due to the current in the coil. Thus
the movable vane rotates under the
repulsive force. As the movable vane is
attached to the spindle, the repulsion result
in a rotation spindle. Hence the pointer
moves over graduated scale. The pointer
deflection is directly proportional to the
square of the current through the coil. So the
scale of the instrument not uniform in
nature.
 CO-AXIAL VANE TYPE INSTRUMENT
It consists of two concentric vanes one is attached to the coil frame and
another one rotate co-axially inside the stationary vane.
CO-AXIAL VANE TYPE INSTRUMENT
 Torque Equation

The controlling torque is produced by the spring

and it is proportional to the deflection of pointer

Thus the deflection is directly

proportional to the square of
current passing through the coil
 MOVING IRON INSTRUMENTS (MI)

Advantages:
1. Used for both AC and DC Measurements
2. Error due friction is less
3. High accuracy
4. Torque to weight ratio is high. It result high accuracy.
5. Very high sensitivity
6. The range of instruments can be extended
 MOVING IRON INSTRUMENTS (MI)

Disadvantages:
1. Non Uniform scale
2. Errors due to hysteresis, external magnetic fields and frequency
changes
3. Power consumption is high
4. Due to nonlinear B-H curve the deflecting torque is not exactly
proportional to the square of the current.
 SINGLE PHASE ENERGY METER

 Single phase energy meter is used to measure energy in Kilo-watt-

hours (kWh)
 It is also called integrating instrument
 Induction type energy meter is used in domestic and industrial
applications.

Construction:
There are four main parts
1. Driving system
2. Moving system
3. Breaking system
4. Registering system
SINGLE PHASE ENERGY METER
SINGLE PHASE ENERGY METER
SINGLE PHASE ENERGY METER

1.Voltage coil - many turns of fine

wire encased in plastic, connected in
parallel with load.
2.Current coil - three turns of thick
wire, connected in series with load.
3.Stator - concentrates and confines
magnetic field.
4.Aluminium rotor disc.
5.rotor brake magnets.
6.spindle with worm gear.
7.display dials
 SINGLE PHASE ENERGY METER

1. Driving system: It consists of two electromagnets whose core is

made up of silicon steel laminations. The two electromagnets are
called series magnet and shunt magnet. The coil wound over series
magnet is connected series with load and its carries load current. This
is called current coil. The coil wound over shunt magnet is connected
parallel to the supply voltage and its carries current proportional to
the voltage. This is called Pressure coil.

2. Moving system: It consists of a light aluminum disc and

positioned between series and shunt magnets. It is supported by the
jeweled bearing. There are no spring and no controlling torque.
 SINGLE PHASE ENERGY METER

3. Breaking system: A Permanent magnet is placed near the

aluminum disc for breaking mechanism. When the disc is moved in
the field produced by the permanent magnet the breaking torque is
obtained. The breaking torque is adjusted by shifting the position of
Permanent magnet.

4. Registering system: It records number of revolution made by the

aluminum disc. The spindle is connected to the recording mechanism
with gear box which record the amount of energy supplied.
SINGLE PHASE ENERGY METER

By counting the number of revolution

electrical energy can be measured
 ELECTRODYNAMO TYPE INSTRUMENT

 Electro dynamo type instrument is used for both a.c and d.c
measurements
 All other type of instrument need a.c calibration
 In this instrument d.c calibration is enough, this can used in a.c as
well as d.c measurements.
 It is also called transfer instrument
 Used as a voltmeter, ammeter, watt meter, power factor meter and
frequency meter.
 ELECTRODYNAMO TYPE INSTRUMENT
Construction:
Fixed coil:
 Fixed coil divided into two half
 Fine wire used for multimeter and voltmeter application
 Heavy wire is used for ammeter and watt meter application
Moving coil:
 It has one moving coil
 Moving coil mounted on a spindle
and it carries pointer
 Pointer move over graduated scale.
 When the currents flows through
two coil the deflecting torque act
on the pointer
 ELECTRODYNAMO TYPE INSTRUMENT

Control: spring control

Damping: Air friction damping

When the current flows through these two coils the magnetic fields
are produced. The deflecting torque is produced due to interaction
between these two fields.
 For ammeter fixed and moving coils are connected series and carry same
current. A suitable shunt resistance is connected to limit the current in the coils
 For voltmeter fixed and moving coils are connected parallel with a high non-
inductive resistance
 For wattmeter fixed coil act as current coil and must connected in series
with the load. The moving coil act as a pressure coil or voltage coil must
connect across the voltage.
Torque Equation

Hence the deflection is directly

proportional to the product of current
in the fixed coil and moving coil.