HEAT TRANSFER OPERATIONS

Introduction to Heat Transfer

Conduction, Convection, Radiation

Dr. Muhammad Rizwan

Assistant Professor
COMSATS
COURSE OUTLINE
 Introduction to fundamental concepts and modes of heat transfer.
 General heat conduction equation, one dimension steady state conduction
in rectangular coordinates
 Convection heat transfer and related laws, Free convection and forced
convection
 Heat transfer with phase change (Condensation, boiling, and evaporation)
 Heat exchangers – Some aspects of process design principles of double pipe
and shell and tube heat exchangers. Related calculations
 Radiation heat transfer – basic concepts, black and gray body radiation
 Problems related to conduction, convection and radiation
REFERENCE TEXT
1. Coulson & Richardsons. “Chemical Engineering Vol.1” 6 Ed., Butterworth
Heinmenn Ltd., 1996.

2. Cengel Y. A. “Heat Transfer – A practical approach”, 2 nd Ed, McGraw Hill,

1988.

3. Kern D. Q. “Process Heat Transfer” Tata McGraw Hill Edition, 1997.

4. Incropera F. P.; DeWitt D. P. “Fundamentals of Heat and Mass transfer”

John Wiley & Sons. 2007.

5. McCabe W. L.; Smith J. C. and Harriett P. “Unit Operations of Chemical

Engineering”, 6th edition, McGraw Hill, 2001.
INTRODUCTION TO HEAT TRANSFER:
 Heat is a form of energy
 Temperature difference is the driving force
 The science that deals with the determination of the rates
of such energy transfer due to the temperature difference
is called HEAT TRASFER.
 Determining the rates of heat transfer and the variation of temperature is the
subject of heat transfer.

 Mechanisms of heat transfer

THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT
TRANSFER:

 Thermodynamics analysis simply tells how much heat must

be transferred to realize a specified change of state to satisfy
the conservation of energy principle.
 Determining the rates of heat transfer and the variation of
temperature is the subject of heat transfer.
 Thermodynamics deals with the equilibrium states and
changes from one equilibrium state to another, whereas heat
transfer deals with systems that lack thermal equilibrium
APPLICATION AREAS OF HEAT
TRANSFER:

 Heat transfer is commonly encountered in engineering systems and other

aspects of life.

 The optimal insulation thickness in the walls and roofs of the houses, on hot
water or steam pipes is again determined on the basis of a heat transfer
analysis with economic consideration.
ENGINEERING HEAT TRANSFER:
 Heat transfer equipments which are designed primarily on the basis of heat
transfer analysis include:
 Heat exchangers
 Boilers
 Condensers
 Radiators
 Furnaces
 Refrigerators
 Solar collectors

 Heat transfer problems encountered in practice can be considered in two

groups:
 Rating problems
 Sizing problems
IMPORTANT TERMS:

 Specific heat (Cp)

 Heat transfer (Q) and work (W)

 Heat Transfer rate
 Heat flux
ENERGY TRANSFER:
BASIC MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER

 Conduction

 Convection

 Radiation

All modes require the existence of a temperature difference

CONDUCTION:
 Can be in solids, liquids or gases due to a temperature difference which is a
driving force.
 Distinct characteristic of conduction is, “the molecules or particles of the
medium are not displaced from their original positions”.
 Possible means of heat energy transfer can be:
 Molecular vibrations (General solids and metals)
 Drift of free electrons (Metals)
 Collisions (Gases)

 The rate of heat conduction through a medium depends on:

 Geometry of the medium
 Thickness
 The material of the medium
 Temperature difference across the medium
FOURIER’S LAW OF HEAT CONDUCTION
 Hence, the rate of heat conduction is proportional to
the temperature difference across the layer and the
heat transfer area, but is inversely proportional to the
thickness of the layer.

Called “Fourier’s law of heat conduction” after J. Fourier, 1822

Where ‘k’ is called the thermal conductivity of material

and it tells about the capability of material to transfer
heat.