RTTC, BSNL, Pune

Welcomes
Participants of Webinar on
GSM GPRS and EDGE Technologies

Nilesh Suryakant Wankhede

Principal,
Regional Telecom Training Center,
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited,
Chinchwad, Pune
• A Public Sector Unit of Government of India
• Under the Department of Telecommunications
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About BSNL’s RTTC
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06/06/2021
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Agenda
 GSM
 GPRS
 EDGE
The Radio Network
RAN and Core Network
HLR and VLR
How the GSM looks ?

MSC
MS BTS BSC

HLR, VLR,
AC, EIR
PSTN Sunday, June 06, 2021
Indoor , Out Door and Micro
Types
BTSs
of BTS
BTS layout

Sunday, June 06, 2021

Sunday, June 06, 2021
WHY GPRS IS USED ?
 Sometimes it is more cost effective to simply augment the existing
system rather than completely creating a newer one. This is the case with
GSM and GPRS.

 GPRS was only an extension to the older GSM technology.

 As the demand for data services increased, GPRS was developed to

support
packet switching.

 A feature that used GPRS technology was the Multimedia Messaging

System or MMS. It allowed subscribers to send videos, pictures, or sound
clips to each other just like text messages.

 GPRS also gave mobile phones the ability to surf the internet at dial-up
speeds through WAP enabled sites.
Evolution from GSM to 3G
The GSM Growth Phases
3G

EDGE

GPRS
2.5G

HSCSD

GSM
2G
 GSM Evolution
2G 2.5G 3G

GSM GPRS EDGE UMTS

GSM GPRS EDGE UMTS

200 KHz carrier 200 KHz carrier 200 KHz carrier 5 MHz carrier
8 full-rate time slots 115 Kbps peak data rates Data rates up to 384 Kbps 2 Mbps peak data rates
16 half-rate time slots 8-PSK modulation New IMT-2000 2 GHz spectrum
Higher symbol rate

HSCSD

HSCSD
Circuit-switched data
64 Kbps peak data rates
MAIN ADVANTAGES FOR OPERATORS
• More Revenue :
By providing more than a mobile connection.
Also operator can charge on the basis of type and amount of content
accessed.
• Huge Potential Market for Data Sevices :
Mobile Phone and Internet, both are fastest growing technologies and GPRS
is the merger of two.
• Fast Roll-out and Continuous Network Expansion :
GPRS is an integral part of GSM.
• GPRS uses excess voice capacity for data :
GPRS Packets are transmitted in short, free periods between busy hour calls.
Free GSM Capacity
GPRS packets can be transmitted in
16
the short free periods between busy
hour calls 14

12
2TRX = 14 Speech TS
2% blocking means 10

8 Erlang speech traffic

TCH 8
Ø
On average 6 TS free ! 6

4
16

14
2
12

10
TC
H 8 0
6

4
1:00 PM 1:15 PM 1:30 PM 1:45 PM
2

03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 00:00

 GPRS Vs GSM
GPRS Vs GSM
1. SUPPORTS BOTH CKT. Only circuit switched.
SWITCHED as well as
packet switched service.
2. MS Utilizes Automatic No re-transmission is
retransmission (ARQ) at provided.
data link layer to re-transmit
error frames.
3. Multiple time slots can be Single time slot per user.
allotted to a single user
4. One time slot can be allotted Single time slot per user.
to several users.
5. Charging/ billing more complex Simple time-based billing.
(Volume based, Q.O.S. based)
TYPICAL GPRS SERVICES
* Communications- E-mail, fax,
intranet/ internet access.
* Value added services - Information services, games,
e-commerce.
* Location-based applications - Navigation, traffic conditions,
airline/rail schedule, location finder.
* Vertical applications - Freight delivery, fleet management,
sales-force automation
* Location sensitive A user nearing a cinema hall or
Advertising - a restaurant receives flashes of
advertisement
 GPRS ARCHITECTURE
AU
C

HLR Gr

Gd SMSC
Internet
EIR Gf
PLMN Corporate
Gs Gi
ISDN

PSTN GWMS MSC/VLR

C SGSN GGSN
LAN
Gb
Gn
X.25
Network

IP Backbone network
BSC/TRC
BSC/TR+ PCU
Traffic C
Gp

Signalin PLMN
g TE MT BTS
SGSN and GGSN
SGSN and GGSN
BSS
BSS CCU
BSS PCU
NSS MSC
NSS GPRS
NSS SGSN
NSS SGSN
NSS GGSN
NSS GGSN
NSS DNS
NSS LIG
NSS BG
NSS CG
Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)
The SGSN forwards incoming and outgoing IP packets addressed to/from a mobile station that is attached
within the SGSN service area.
The SGSN provides:
• Packet routing and transfer to and from the SGSN service area.
• Ciphering and authentication.
• Mobility management
• Output of charging data, the SGSN collects charging information for each MS related to
the radio network usage.

Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)

The GGSN provides:
• The interface towards the external IP packet networks.
• From the external IP network’s point of view, the GGSN acts as a router for the IP
addresses of all subscribers served by the GPRS network.
• Functionality for associating the subscribers to the right SGSN
• Output of charging data, the GGSN collects charging information for each MS, related to
the external data network usage.
LIMITATIONS OF GSM DATA
SERVICES
Enhancements of GSM data rates: HSCSD
Which allows the assignment of maximum 4 circuit switched time slots to the
same user over the air interface.
Thus the rate of 4 x 9.6(GSM data rate) = 38.6 kbps is achievable

Enhancements of GSM data rates: Coding Schemes

Coding Scheme 1 (CS1) was the first CS to be used and it adds a large number
of coding bits causing the user rate to be low.
Rate of data over GSM using this CS is 9.6 Kbps
To increase the rate more data will be sent Instead of strong error correction.
This makes the link less reliable but increases the rate.
Coding Scheme 2 (CS2) uses a less number of coding bits allowing the user
rate
to reach 14.4 Kbps.
LIMITATIONS OF GSM DATA
SERVICES

Enhancements of GSM data rates: HSCSD + Coding

Schemes
Combining the effect of the HSCSD and CS2 will jump with the rate to reach
14.4 x 4 = 57.6.
Yet, this bit rate is still low for some applications and consumes large number of
resources, the service will be expensive to the user.
Channel coding in GPRS

Coding schemes And

The Corresponding data rates
 CHANNEL CODING IN
GPRS
Channel coding in a wireless cellular network is how the digital data
(either voice or data for non-voice applications) from the mobile or
base station is formatted to deal with the problem of transmitting
information across a radio channel.

Channel coding includes parity generation, convolution coding,

puncturing and interleaving. These processes are structured so that either
the mobile or the base station can receive a stream of data bits with
corrupted values and still have a high likelihood of decoding the bit
stream correctly.

The GPRS data is protected by four different channel protection schemes:

CS1, CS2, CS3, and CS4.
The main difference between the four coding schemes is the
level of protection from transmission errors that they offer
and the maximum throughput that can be obtained.

The GPRS system dynamically chooses the coding scheme

best suited for the transmission conditions at hand.

Coding scheme -1 Coding scheme -4

Maximum protection to Maximum throughput
error
Lowest protection to
Lowest throughput error
 GPRS CODING SCHEMES
Four coding schemes, CS-1 to CS-4, are used for the GPRS
PDTCHs. They offer different levels of protection, and the CS
to be used is chosen by the network according to the radio
environment

Scheme Code rate Radio Block Data

excl. USF and rate
BCS (Payload) kbps

CS-1 1/2 181 9.05

CS-2 2/3 268 13.4

CS-3 3/4 312 15.6

CS-4 1 428 21.4

 GPRS Modulation
Modulation scheme used in GPRS is GMSK
Now the question here is why GMSK?
• Power efficiency.
• Bandwidth efficiency.
• Cost and the complexity of the receiver is low.
• Good BER performance.
• Lower values of the C/I ratio (Carrier-to-Interference ratio).
• A higher traffic-carrying capacity.
• Efficient utilization of available dc power using a class C power amplifier.

In view of this, the MSK and GMSK are good choices. It must not only be able to
withstand the severe multipath fading but also the BER should at least be <10^-2 or better.
(minimum acceptable BER for speech communication).
MSK (Minimum shift keying):

Is a special case of coherent FSK modulation where modulation index is equal

to 0.5. But Unfortunately, the main lobe of MSK is wide and it has a lot of side
lobes (unwanted) so it is not suitable for narrowband application.
GMSK (Gaussian Minimum Shift keying):
GMSK is the MSK derivative.
In GMSK the base band binary data is passed on a Gaussian filter first (reduces the
main
lobe width and the side lobe power). Then the output is passed on FM Modulator.
 EDGE
EDGE system is quite similar to the GPRS system but with the capability for higher
data
rates.
The most important change is the new modulation scheme.

 In GSM and GPRS-> the GMSK modulation scheme -> one bit per symbol is
used + constant amplitude modulation.

 In an EDGE network-> 8-PSK modulation-> three bits per symbol +

variation
in modulation amplitude.
• 3 Bits per symbol enables a data rate of 59.2 kbps per radio time slot.
• Modulation amplitude variation changes the radio performance
characteristics, so hardware changes in the base stations are mandatory.
Another improvement that has been made to the EGPRS standard is the ability to
retransmit a packet that has not been decoded properly with a more robust coding
scheme,

IN GPRS-> no re-segmentation i.e. once packets have been sent,

they must be retransmitted using the original coding scheme
even if the radio environment has changed.

 IN EGPRS-> re-segmentation i.e. Packets sent with little error

protection can be
 retransmitted with more error protection, if required by the
new radio environment.
EDGE Radio Network Planning:
Coding Schemes:
There are nine modulation and coding schemes (MCS-1 to MCS-9) that provide
different Throughputs. The MCS scheme carries data from 8.8 kbps to 59.2
kbps.

For coding schemes MCS-1 to MCS-4, modulation is still GMSK; for MCS-5
to MCS-9 it is 8-PSK.
GPRS Channel Coding Schemes
What EDGE would mean to
subscribers
• Streaming Applications
• Very high speed downloads
• Corporate Intranet connections
• Quicker MMS
• Video Phone
• Vertical corporate applications – Video
Conference, Remote presentations
Evolution of Wireless

66
Evolution to EDGE
SMS G/IW MSC

Gd HLR
AUC
M P
S BTS U
BSC MSC/VLR
C
Gr
ISP
Gb Gs
Network
EDGE
M
TRU SGSN GGSN Gi
S

Gn Gn Corporate
Backbone Network
Network
 EDGE increases capacity

voice voice voice voice voice

Standard GSM Transceiver

Free Free
voice voice voice voice voice TS TS Data

EDGE Transceiver
 System upgrade for
EDGE
EDGE TRU

B R
S B
C S

BSC Software Upgrade EDGE enabled RBS

Summary
 GSM
 GPRS
 EDGE
 Details

For more details, please visit our site

http://maharashtra.bsnl.co.in/ssa/RTTCPune/index.html

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RTTC Pune
Contact Us
 nilesh.wankhede@bsnl.co.in

 rttctrgpune@gmail.com

 Phone - 9422160001
“All of us may not have equal talent, but
all of us have Equal Opportunities to develop our talent”