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Foundations of Group Behavior: © 2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All Rights Reserved
Foundations of Group Behavior: © 2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All Rights Reserved
Foundations of Group Behavior: © 2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All Rights Reserved
Foundations of
Group Behavior
• Security
• Status
• Self-esteem
• Affiliation
• Power
• Goal Achievement
Storming Stage
The second stage in group development,
characterized by intragroup conflict.
Norming Stage
The third stage in group
development, characterized
by close relationships and
cohesiveness.
Performing Stage
The fourth stage in group development, when the
group is fully functional.
Adjourning Stage
The final stage in group
development for temporary
groups, characterized by
concern with wrapping up
activities rather than
performance.
E X H I B I T 9–2
E X H I B I T 9–2
E X H I B I T 9–3
E X H I B I T 9–3
Roles
Norms
Status
Size
Cohesiveness
Role(s)
A set of expected behavior patterns attributed to
someone occupying a given position in a social unit.
Role Identity
Certain attitudes and behaviors
consistent with a role.
Role Perception
An individual’s view of how he or she
is supposed to act in a given situation.
© 2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.
Group
Group Properties
Properties -- Roles
Roles (cont’d)
(cont’d)
Role Expectations
How others believe a person
should act in a given situation.
Psychological Contract
An unwritten agreement that sets
out what management expects from
the employee and vice versa.
Role Conflict
A situation in which an individual is confronted by
divergent role expectations.
© 2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.
Group
Group Properties
Properties -- Norms
Norms
Norms
Acceptable standards of behavior within a group
that are shared by the group’s members.
Classes
Classesof
ofNorms:
Norms:
•• Performance
Performancenorms
norms
•• Appearance
Appearancenorms
norms
•• Social
Socialarrangement
arrangementnorms
norms
•• Allocation
Allocationof
ofresources
resources
norms
norms
Reference Groups
Important groups to which EXHIBIT 9–4
Power
Powerover
over Norms
Norms&&
Others
Others Interaction
Interaction
Ability
Abilityto
to Group
GroupMember
Member
Contribute
Contribute Status
Status
Other
Otherconclusions:
conclusions:
g) • • Odd
Oddnumber
numbergroups
groupsdo
d
fin do
te
t o
Ex
e • • Groups
Groupsof of55to
to77perform
perform
(du better
better overall thanlarger
overall than larger
l
t ua or smaller groups.
or smaller groups.
Ac
Group Size
© 2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.
Group
Group Properties
Properties -- Cohesiveness
Cohesiveness
Cohesiveness
Degree to which group members are attracted to
each other and are motivated to stay in the group.
Increasing
Increasinggroup
groupcohesiveness:
cohesiveness:
1.1. Make
Makethe
thegroup
groupsmaller.
smaller.
2.2. Encourage
Encourageagreement
agreementwith
withgroup
groupgoals.
goals.
3.3. Increase
Increasetime
timemembers
membersspend
spendtogether.
together.
4.4. Increase
Increasegroup
groupstatus
statusand
andadmission
admissiondifficultly.
difficultly.
5.5. Stimulate
Stimulatecompetition
competitionwith
withother
othergroups.
groups.
6.6. Give
Giverewards
rewardstotothe
thegroup,
group,not
notindividuals.
individuals.
7.7. Physically
Physicallyisolate
isolatethe
thegroup.
group.
E X H I B I T 9-7
E X H I B I T 9-7
Groupthink
Phenomenon in which the norm for consensus
overrides the realistic appraisal of alternative course
of action.
Groupshift
A change in decision risk between the group’s
decision and the individual decision that member
within the group would make; can be either toward
conservatism or greater risk.
Brainstorming
An idea-generation process that specifically
encourages any and all alternatives, while
withholding any criticism of those alternatives.
Electronic Meeting
A meeting in which members
interact on computers, allowing
for anonymity of comments and
aggregation of votes.
E X H I B I T 9–9
E X H I B I T 9–9
Groupthink
Groupshift
Role Conflict
Role Expectations