INTRODUCTION ALH

INTRODUCTION TO ALH
GEN PARTICULARS AND
ROLE OF H/C
ADVANCE LIGHT HELICOPTETR

The advanced light helicopter (ALH) is designed

for multi role operations. To support this, the
airframe is designed with extensive use of
composite material, crashworthy bottom structure
for the skid and wheel version.
ALH VARIANTS
 GENERAL PARTICULARS

Name:- Advance Light Helicopter(ALH)

Type:- Twin Engine With Main And Tail

Rotors

Engine:- Turbomeca Tm-333 2b2, 801kw (1073 HP)

Free Turbine Engine With FADEC
 SKI / WHEEL VERSION

ALH are fitted with skid & wheel version

the skid landing gear consists of cross tube
(forward and rear)and two skids.

Skid is attached to the bottom of center section at

frame #3 and #3A and at rear at frame #5 and #5A.
 SKID / WHEEL VERSION

• Both landing gear are telescopic type.

• Hydraulic pressure for normal extension/retraction
is taken from the utility hydraulic system.
• Main wheel is fitted with disc type brake, operated
hydraulically through a power brake system.
• Wheel track-2800 mm
SKID / WHEEL VERSION

• The wheel version of ALH is equipped with

tricycle retractable landing gear.

• It has twin wheels on nose landing gear &

single wheel on each of the main landing gear.
 ROLE OF ALH HELICOPTER

Unarmed Roles
 Troop Carrying
 Casualty Evacuation
 Communication Duties
 Logistic Air Support
 Search And Rescue
 Under Slung Loads
 Training
 ADVANTAGES OF COMPOSITES

 Excellent strength to weight ratio and stiffness

to weight ratios.
 Laminate pattern and ply build up in a part can
be tailored to give the required mechanical
properties in specific direction.
 High fatigue strength.
 ADVANTAGES OF COMPOSITES
 Production cost is reduced.
 High resistance to impact damage.
 Better heat resistance properties.
 Better corrosion resistance properties.
 Lesser cost / complication in machining of the
product.
 Better damage tolerances.
 ADVANTAGES

 It offer excellent resistance to chemical attack

and outdoor weathering.

 Easier to form complex aerodynamically

contoured shapes.
 DISADVANTAGES OF COMPOSITES

 Poor Erosion Resistance.

 Degradation Of Characteristics In Moisture.

 High Material Cost.

 Special Effort For Tooling, shop Facilities, New Inspection

And Techniques.

 Skilled Manpower.
STATIONS
 MODULES
• The Radome
• The Cockpit
• The Bottom Structure
• The Cabin
• The Pilot & Co-pilot Doors
• The Sliding Doors
• The Emergency Exit Window
• The Cargo Bay Door (Clam Shell Doors)
• The Tail Boom
• The Empennage
• The Skid / Wheel Landing Gear
MODULES
 FUSELAGE CONSTRUCTION
FRONT FUSELAGE- STN #1 TO STN#3.

CENTRE FUSELAGE- STN #3 TO STN #9.

REAR FUSELAGE- STN #9 TO STN #12.

 FRONT FUSELAGE
LOCATION
 COCKPIT- IT EXTENDS FROM STN #1 TO STN #3
 PURPOSE
 Main function of front fuselage is to accommodate
following :-
 Pilot and co-pilot doors
 Pilot and co-pilot seats
 Two rudder peddles
 Flying controls- Collective & cyclic
 Center post
 Emergency axe & fire extinguisher bottle
FRONT FUSELAGE PURPOSE

Main function of front fuselage is to

accommodate following-

 Pilot and co-pilot doors

 Pilot and co-pilot seats
 Two rudder peddles
 Flying controls- Collective & cyclic
 Center post
 Emergency axe & fire extinguisher bottle
FRONT FUSELAGE
FRONT VIEW
 CENTER FUSELAGE

 From stn #3 to stn #9

 Main function of center fuselage is
accommodate the following-
 Frames & shells
 Troop seats
 Troops oxygen cylinder
 Cabin roof- hydraulic package, flight
controls
 CENTER FUSELAGE

• Sliding Doors
• Clamshell Do0rs
• Slithering Beam
• Cargo Hook Unit
• Rescue Hoist Unit
• Helicopter Battery
• Emergency Exit Window
• Skid / Wheel Landing Gear
CENTRE FUSELAGE FRAMES

 LOCATIONS: LOCATION OF THE PRIME

FRAMES ARE AT #3,#4, #5,#5A and#9.
 Purpose:

 Absorb the load during flying and landing,

 To support the main transmission system.
 To support landing gears and fuel tanks.
 REAR FUSELAGE

 It extends from stn # 9 to stn # 12.

 Main function of rear fuselage to
accommodate-
 Tail boom assy
 Empennage
 Horizontal stabilizer
 End plate
 IGB, TGB, TDS.
ENGINE DECK AND TAIL CONE
ASSEMBLY

STA # 9

TAIL CONE

ENG DECK
 TAIL CONE ASSEMBLY
Location:
 Tail cone start from stn #5a to tail cone ends
at stn #9.
Purpose:
 The attachment of tail boom
 To support engine deck and provides
connection to the side shells and inclined
frame #8 LH and RH
 Provision of AGB mounting
 Provision of MGB oil cooler mounting
AGB MOUNTING BKT
TAIL CONE

#9

TAIL CONE ASSEMBLY

 TAIL BOOM AND EMPENNAGE

Tail boom assembly is divided into

Two parts:-
 Forward tail boom assembly

 Aft tail boom assembly

Location:-
Extends from sta. # 9 to sta. # 12.
 TAIL BOOM FORWARD

 Forward tail boom extends from sta. # 9 to

inclined frame # 10.

 It is made out of top and bottom outer

shells and frames at sta.
# 9, # 9A, # 9b and # 10.
 TAIL BOOM ASSEMBLY (AFT)

 Rear tail boom extends from sta. # 10 to

sta. # 12, having a circular shape at the
end

 It is made out of top and bottom shell and

intermediate frames at sta. # 10c and #
10d.
TAIL BOOM FORWARD
TAIL BOOM ASSEMBLY (AFT)
 EMPENNAGE ASSEMBLY

 The empennage consists of the vertical

fin, the horizontal stabilizer and the end
plates.
 THE VERTICAL FIN

 It is a dissymmetrical airfoil it is used in cruise

flight to partially unload the tail rotor by
providing necessary aerodynamic forces to
counter the main rotor torque.

 The nose of the fin is inclined by 2 towards the

port side.
HORIZONTAL STABILIZER
& END PLATE
END PLATE
HORIZONTAL STABILIZER & END PLATE
CARGO DOORS
 • MAIN ROTOR SYSTEM

• The main rotor is the wing of the helicopter. In

addition to the normal stresses placed on the
wing, there are stresses imposed on the rotor
system by centrifugal force. The capabilities and
characteristics of the helicopter are dictated by
main rotor system.
• The ability, human comfort, structural integrity,
performance and community acceptance of the
helicopters are critically dependent on the
efficient design of rotor system.
 ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY ROTOR

• The flap and lead-lag articulations are provided by the

flexing of the soft neck area of the rotor blades.

• This type rotor without mechanical hinges is called

hinge less rotor.

• The pitch change bearings have been replaced by

elastomeric bearings which do not need any
lubrication.
 SPECIAL FEATURES OF MAIN ROTOR
• Glass and carbon composite rotor blades
• Carbon composite rotor hub
• Upper controls located inside the mgb
• Rotor blade attached to the hub through conical
and radial elastomeric bearings
• Extensive use of titanium & corrosion resistant
steels
BENEFITS FROM ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY
• · Reduction in empty weight, better fracture and
fatigue properties, reduced maintenance and lower
operating costs due to use of composites.

• Significant improvement in helicopter capabilities with

the adoption of composite hinge less and bearing less
rotor system leading to high control power, reduced
number of parts, improved reliability and
maintainability.

• Reduced noise with the development of integrated

dynamic system
 MAIN ROTOR BLADE
LOCATION: It is installed between the lower hub
plate and upper hub plate .It is attached to the hub
by means of a main bolt through conical
elastomeric bearing.
PURPOSE: The composite main rotor blade
generates lift, thrust and control forces necessary
for flying the helicopter.
• The bearing takes the forces and moments
produced by the blade.
• A lead-lag damper is fitted between cuff and collar
regions to absorb the lead-lag vibrations of the
blade.
 MAIN ROTOR BLADE

224 mm

1R .9242R .8R
TAIL ROTOR
 PURPOSE
• The purpose of tail rotor or anti-torque tail
rotor is to generate side thrust required to
counter balance the reaction torque of the
main rotor during forward/hover flight and
to provide yaw control to the helicopter.
 LOCATION
• It is located on the tail side of the
helicopter and attached to the tail gear box
which is installed on the tip of the vertical
fin.
 SPECIFICATION
1.Type : bearing less, pusher type
2. Numbers of blades : 04(composite blades)
3. Rotor diameter :2.55 m
4. Speed of rotor :1564 rpm
5. Direction of rotation
: Bottom blade moving forward
6. BLADE TWIST : -12º
 ROTOR BLADE
 Are used for varying the pitch angles. The
blades are made of composite material
which is fabricated in pairs and the two pairs
are sandwiched between the hub plates.

 Snubber elastomeric bearing installed

between pitch case and flex beam to transfer
torsional moment to the pitch case.

 By varying the pitch angle of the blades , the

thrust produced by the rotor is varied thru’
pitch links.
ROTOR BLADE
ROTOR BLADE
 FLEX BEAM
• It is the main load carrying part of the tail rotor
blade which joins the two opposite blades.

• It extends uninterrupted up to station 1220mm of

each blade and carries the centrifugal force, flap
and pitching moments so that the hub is relieved
of this load and also allows pitch articulations by
virtue of its low torsional stiffness.
 TAIL ROTOR HUB
• The tail rotor hub consists of upper hub plate and
lower hub plate made of titanium alloy and
connected by four hub plate retention bolts
• The two blade pairs are sandwiched between
these plates.
• The hub assembly is attached to the rotor shaft
by splines so as to transmit the torque.It is
secured to the rotor shaft by means of hub
retention nut.
 SPIDER
• Spider is attached to the hub side of the
control tube through coupling plate and
spider retention nut

• Spider has four arms , each arm is connected

to blade through pitch change link.
 PITCH LINKS
• Pitch links connects the spider arm to the pitch
horn of the blade
• Pitch links are provided with teflon lined
spherical bearing at both end which do not
require lubrication
• A turnbuckle system is provided to adjust the
length of pitch links for presetting the blade
angle.
 TRANSMISSION YSTEM

• Purpose:- To transmit the engine power to

the main rotor and tail rotor with required
torque and reduction.
• In ALH the main transmission system
consists of the following main
components. These are-
 ASSEMBLIES OF MAIN TRANSMISSION
SYSTEM

 Main Gear Box

 Auxiliary Gear Box
 Intermediate Gear Box
 Tail Gear Box
 Tail Rotor Drive Shaft
 Anti-resonance Isolation System (ARIS).
 IDS(MGB)

• Location:-it is located on transmission deck at

stn # 4 to stn # 5.
• Purpose :-
(a) transmission of power to main rotor and tail
rotor, reduction of rotational speed between the
engine and the rotor.
(B) drive various accessories such as hydraulic
pump, MGB lubricating oil pump and alternator.
(C) provision for the fixed anchoring of the flight
servo controls.
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM LAYOUT

TDS-Tail Drive Shaft

ALH TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
MAIN GEAR BOX
 AGB

Location:- It is located between the

engines.
Purpose:- It drives various accessories
such as:-
(a) AGB lubrication pump
(b) Utility Hydraulic Pump (navy)
(c) MGB oil cooler fan
AGB
 AGB
SAILENT FEATURES
 IGB

• Location:- It is mounted on the tail boom

at its intersection with the canted vertical
fin.
• Purpose:-
(a) Redirect the drive upward to the tail
gear box through a 125° angle.
(b) Reduction of rpm
IGB
 TGB

• Location:- it is mounted on the front

spar of the canted vertical fin
• Purpose:-
(a) To transmit power to the tail rotor.
(b) To provide adequate mounting to the
tail rotor.
(c) Reduction of RPM.
 TAIL GEAR BOX

TUATOR MOUNTING
INPUT FLANGE
POINT

TAIL ROTOR SHAFT

MOUNTING LUGS

TGB OIL TEMP SWITCH

OIL FILLER NECK
 TDS

• Location:- It is installed in between MGB,

AGB, IGB & TGB.

• Purpose:- To transmit power to tail rotor

through AGB, IGB and TGB.
TDS
 ARIS

• Location:- ARIS are installed between the

MGB and fuselage.

• Purpose:-ARIS isolate the fuselage from the

rotor induced vibrations.
ANTI RESONANCE ISOLATION SYSTEM

FWD
INTRODUCTION FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM

• PURPOSE
• The Flight Control System (FCS) Helps the pilot to control the
helicopter in its all main axis taking the loads in the rotor blades.

• In ALH, the flight control system is classified as lower flight

control and upper flight control system for the ease of
maintenance.

• In ALH, Flight control system consists of

– Duplicated cockpit control

– Connected to the rotor head by conventional mechanical
linkages
– Fully powered, dual redundant hydraulic systems.
 COCKPIT

RUDDER
PEDAL

Collective STICK CYCLIC STICK

MAIN ROTOR LOWER FLT
CONTROL SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION LOWER CONTROL SYSTEM

In the ALH lower flight control system consists :-

• All the components from the cockpit to till the

hydraulic actuators,
• Includes dual cyclic, Collective sticks and rudder
pedals,
• Force feel/ trim system,
• Mechanical linkages,
• Vibration isolation system.
 Collective LOWER
CONTROL SYSTEM

MGB housing
Bell crank on swinging
arm
Collective servo actuator
Collective lever pilot
Control rod

Torque tube

Balance wt

Collective lever co-pilot

Force feel & trim actuator
MAIN ROTOR UPPER CONTROL SYSTEM

• PURPOSE: The purpose of the main rotor

upper control system is to transmit the
servo displacement of main rotor actuators
into blade pitch angles.

• The main rotor the components of upper

control system are incorporated and located
in the MGB housing as part of ids. The main
components of upper control system are as
follows:
 UCS CONSISTS OF

• (A) CONNECTING RODS
• (B) MIXING UNIT
• (C) SWASH PLATE MAST
• (D) NON ROTATING CONTROL RODS
• (E) NON ROTATING SCISSORS
• (F) SWASH PLATE ASSEMBLY
• (G)ROTATING CONTROL RODS
• (H)PITCH HORN (PART OF RADIAL
ELASTOMERIC BEARING OF THE HUB)
• (I)ROTATING SCISSORS AND BRACKET
ASSEMBLY
UPPER FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM
 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM OF ALH

 Two dedicated independent hydraulic systems

 Operate simultaneously and independently.

 An additional system called utility hydraulic system

to operate all utility services like landing gears,
wheel brakes, rescue hoist, harpoon and sonar
winch.(Navy version)
 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM OF ALH

 The Hydraulic System Is divided Into three

Main Modules.

Hydraulic Pump
Hydraulic Package
Hydraulic Actuator
LOCATION OF COMPONENTS
BLOCK DIAGRAM
 HYDRAULIC PUMP

 In ALH, hydraulic pump is an axial piston,

variable delivery, and constant pressure
type

 The pump is driven by the accessory drive

of main gear box (MGB).
 HYD PUMP(ALH)
 In ALH, hydraulic pump is of axial piston,
variable delivery, and constant pressure
type.
 The axial piston pump derives its name from
the direction of the piston travel, which is
parallel to or axial with the drive shaft.
 Converting a rotary mechanical force into a
reciprocating piston action produces the
pumping action of the pistons.
HYDRAULIC PUMP
HYDRAULIC PACKAGE
 HYDRAULIC PACKAGE

PURPOSE
The main purpose of the hydraulic package is
to store and supply the hyd fluid and
accommodate the return fluid from the system.
HYD PACKAGE
 HYDRAULIC MANIFOLD

 This hydraulic manifold is in two halves and

each half is used for one hydraulic system,
thus separating the two hydraulic systems.
HYDRAULIC ACTUATOR
 INTRODUCTION

• The actuators are hydraulically powered

and transmit the cockpit control input to
the rotors by amplifying the efforts put
by the pilot.
 HYDRAULIC ACTUATOR

• Duplex tandem duplex CSAS for Main Rotor

• Duplex tandem simplex CSAS for Tail Rotor

MAIN ROTOR ACTUATORS

HYDRAULIC LINES
 FORCE FEEL & TRIM SYSTEM (FFS)

PURPOSE:-
• This is an electro-mechanical unit which give
artificial feel and trim facility to the pilot.

• To trim the sticks in desired position (i.E. To

create an anchor point)
FORCE FEEL AND TRIM ACTUATOR