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Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS) by Ed Red
Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS) by Ed Red
(FMS)
by Ed Red
“…an automated, mid-volume, mid-variety, central computer-controlled
manufacturing system” Nanua Singh, Computer-Integrated Design and
Manufacturing, John Wiley & Sons, 1996
References:
1. Nanua Singh, Computer-Integrated Design and Manufacturing, John Wiley &
Sons, 1996
2. Mikell Groover, Automated Production Systems and Computer-Integrated
Manufacturing, Prentice-Hall, 2nd edition, 2001
ME 482 - Manufacturing Systems
Objectives
• To review modern flexible manufacturing systems (FMS):
- Group technology (GT)
- Manufacturing cells
- Automated part handling equipment (AGV’s, etc.)
- Control software
- Analysis models
Basic structure
of Opitz coding
system
Solution:
Conveyo
r
AGV
AS/RS
1. In-line layout
2. Loop layout (secondary part handling systems)
3. Ladder layout
4. Open field layout
1. Workstation control
2. Supervisory control among workstations (workstation coordination)
3. Production control (part rate and mix)
4. Traffic control (manage part delivery systems)
5. Shuttle control (part handling between machine and primary handling
system)
6. Workpiece monitoring (status of various systems)
7. Tool control (location and tool life)
8. Performance monitoring and reporting (report operational data)
9. Diagnostics (identify sources of error, preventive maintenance)
2. Machine loading
3. Part routing
4. Part grouping
5. Tool management
6. Pallet and fixture allocation
Four models:
1. Deterministic models (don’t include operating characteristics,
including queues, that may degrade performance, thus are a little optimistic)
2. Queueing models
3. Discrete event Discrete
simulation (simulation)
event simulation – Used to model manufacturing cell
Discrete event simulation – Used to model manufacturing cell
or material handling system, as events occur at discrete
4. Heuristic approaches
moments in time and affect the status and performance of the
system, e.g., parts arriving at the machine.
Demonstrate on examples
n = number of workstations
si = number of servers at each station i (i = 1,2,…n, and we
include the load/unload station as an FMS workstation)
ME 482 - Manufacturing Systems
FMS terminology and symbols
fi1k = 1.0
3 routing operations: load part at 1-> route to station 2 for machining->
return to station 1 for unloading
Then
nt = - 1 = 2
“load” “machine at 2” “unload”
Note: This is valid even for parts not passing through the bottleneck station
because the part mix ratios are fixed and limited by the bottleneck station.
U = iUi/(n+1)
The overall FMS utilization is weighted by the number of servers at
each station (not including handling stations)
Us = isiUi/ isi
Number of busy servers at other than the bottleneck station
determined from
Bi = Rmax Li
ME 482 - Manufacturing Systems
FMS example (from Groover)
An FMS with 4 stations is designed so that station 1 is load/unload, station 2
performs milling operations with 3 servers, station 3 performs drilling operations
with 2 servers, while station 4 performs part inspection on part samples. The part
handling system has a mean transport time of 3.5 min and 2 carriers. The FMS
produces parts A, B, C, and D with part mix fractions and routings shown in the
table.
Determine:
Station utilization:
U1 = (6.0/1)(0.1389) = 0.8333 (83.33%)
U2 = (19.0/3)(0.1389) = 0.879
U3 = (14.4/2)(0.1389) = 1.0
U4 = (4.0/1)(0.1389) = 0.555
U5 = (10.06/2)(0.1389) = 0.699
Solution:
Set U2 = 100% and solve U2 = 1.0 = L2(0.1389)/3 to get L2 = 21.6 min. as
compared to 19.0 min. previously.
At 100% utilization the workload for part D increases to 21.6 – 7.0 = 14.6
min., where it was 19.0 – 7.0 = 12.0 min. at 87.9% utilization. The production
rate for part D is now increased to 14.6(3.333)/12.0 = 4.055 pc/hr.
Note that increasing the throughput for part D will change the part mix ratios
previously presented.
Constraints:
Demand for parts must be met: l Xkl dk k
Can not exceed machine capacity: klj akljm tkjm Xkl bm m
Constraints:
Demand for parts must be met: l Xkl dk k
Can not exceed machine capacity: klj akljm tkjm Xkl bm m
Constraints:
Minimized max > other workloads: Z3 - kljm akljm tkjm Xkl 0 m
Can not exceed machine capacity: klj akljm tkjm Xkl bm m
To calculate these
values simply multiply
all the operations on
each machine (each
part through the
machine is an
operation) by the time
required for each
operation as given in
Table 12.18.
ME 482 - Manufacturing Systems
FMS