University of Arizona

Department of Civil Engineering & Engineering Mechanics

CE544 – Special Topics in Geotechnical Engineering

FIELD INSTRUMENTATION AND MONITORING

Instructor: Muniram Budhu

Date: Apeil 14, 2003

MB March 10, 2002

Model
 Two requirements for a good model
 1: It must accurately describe a large class of
observations with few arbitrarily elements.
 2: It must make definite predictions about the
results of future observations.
(extracted from Stephen Hawking ‘Á brief history of time,’ Bantam Books)

MB March 10, 2002

Types of Models (CE544)
 ELASTIC
 LINEAR
 NON-LINEAR
 PLASTICITY
 NON-LINEAR
 CAM-CLAY FAMILY
 Elasto-plastic

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NON-LINEARITY
 GEOMETRIC – change of shape, size,
etc.
 MATERIAL – change of properties
 CAUSES: stress state. History of loading,
change in stiffness, physical conditions, in
situ stress, water content, voids ratio

MB March 10, 2002

ELASTIC MODELS
 LINEAR – magnitude of response
proportional to excitation
 Non-LINEAR – magnitude of response not
proportional to excitation

stress Linear
Non-linear

strain MB March 10, 2002

CONSTITUTIVE LAWS
 SET OF EQUATIONS THAT RELATE
STRESSES TO STRAINS.
 F(stress, stress rate, strain, strain rate) = 0
 Homogeneity of time.

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CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS
 ij  Cijkl kl

Stiffness matrix

 ij  Dijkl kl

Compliance matrix

MB March 10, 2002

ELASTIC MODELS
Elastic materials: State of stress is a
function of the current state of
deformation; no history effects
 Cauchy – stress is a function of strain
(infinitesimal strain, first order)
 Green – based on strain energy function
(Hyper-elastic)

MB March 10, 2002

Hooke’s law – simple case
 Simple one dimensional case:
  E
E = Young’s modulus (Elastic modulus)

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Hooke’s law – General state

 x   1   0 0 0   x 
 y    1  0 0 0   y 
   1   1 0 0 0    
  z
  0 0 0 2  1   0 0   z 
  xy E 0 0 0   xy 
 0 2 1   0
 yz     yz 
  zx   0 0 0 0 0 2  1      zx 

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Shear stresses and strains

2  1   zx
 zx  zx 
E G
E
G
2 1  
G is the shear modulus. Only G or E and  are
required to solve linear elastic problems

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 Typical values of E and G
Soil Type Description E*(MPa) G (MPa)
Clay Soft 1 to 15 0.4 to 5
Medium 15 to 30 5 to 11
Stiff 30 to 100 11 to 38
Sand Loose 10 to 20 4 to 8
Medium 20 to 40 8 to 16
Dense 40 to 80 16 to 32

*These are average secant elastic moduli for drained condition

MB March 10, 2002

Principal stresses
 1  1  1     1 
2     1   2 
 3  E    1   3 

 1  E 1       
 1 
2     1     2 

 3   1     1  2      1   3 

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AXISMMETRIC CONDITION


1
3

1  1 2  1
 
E   1    3

 
1
3

E
 1     1  2    
1   2  1
1  3

MB March 10, 2002

PLANE STRAIN CONDITION


1
3

1   1     1
E   1    3  
 
1
3

E
 1     1  2 
1  
 
  1

1    3

MB March 10, 2002

Hooke’s law using stress
invariants
1
 
e
p
K
p

p is mean stress, K is bulk modulus; the prime denotes effective

p E
K  e  SPECIAL CASE :   1 / 2; K  0
 p 3(1  2 )

1
  e
q q
3G
E
G  G 
21  v 

MB March 10, 2002

 Constitutive elastic model –
stress invariants

p  K  0   
e
p
    
 q   0 3G  
e
q 
Decoupling - Mean effective stress causes
volumetric strain; deviatoric stress (shear
stress) causes deviatoric strain

MB March 10, 2002

Lame’s constant

G(E  3G)
  K  2G / 3 
3G  E
3KE
G
9K  E

MB March 10, 2002

Poisson’s ratio
E   3K ' 1  2 
also
E   2G 1   
Then
3K 1  2 
 1
2G 1   

3K   2G
 
2G  6K 

MB March 10, 2002

Green’s elastic model

The work done by external forces in altering

the configuration of a body from its natural
state is equal to the sum of the kinetic
energy and the strain energy
w   Fu
i i dv   ijniui ds
v s
u sin g Gauss ' s divergence theorem
 ijniui ds   ij(ui),j dv
s v

(ui ),j  ij  wij Strain tensor – skew symmetrical

Strain tensor - symmetrical
MB March 10, 2002
ANISOTROPIC ELASTICITY
 Anisotropic materials have different elastic
parameters in different directions.
 Structural anisotropy or transverse anisotropy –
manner in which soil is deposited.
 Stress induced anisotropy – differences in normal
stresses in different directions.

MB March 10, 2002

Transverse anisotropy
- most prevalent in soils

 1 2rz 

   
z  E Er  z
 z

r  zr  1  rr   r
 Ez Er 

MB March 10, 2002

ELASTICITY AND PLASTICITY
Theory of elasticity: uniqueness – behavior
of the material expressed by a set of
equations
Theory of plasticity: discontinuity in stress-
strain relationship (involves discontinuities
and inequalities); deals with initial stress
problems, state of structure at collapse, at
post-yield.

MB March 10, 2002

THEORY OF PLASTICITY
 TO ADEQUATELY DESCRIBE THE
PLASTIC DEFORMATION OF SOILS
 TO USE RELATIONSHIPS DEVELOPED
TO PREDICT FAILURE LOADS AND
SETTLEMENT.

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PLASTIC RESPONSES

stress
stress stress

strain strain strain

Rigid – perfectly Elastic- perfectly Elastic- plastic

plastic plastic strain hardening

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FULL PLASTIC STATE
(COLLAPSE)
 Guess a plastic collapse mechanism
 For small deformation of this mechanism,
integrate the work consumed in plastic
deformation over the whole body
 Equate this to the work supplied to find the
collapse load

(ref: Calladine, C. R. “Engineering plasticity”, Pergamon Press, London)

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PLASTICITY THEOREMS
 LOWER BOUND –IF ANY STRESS DISTRIBUTION
THROUGOUT THE STRUCTURE CAN BE FOUND WHICH IS
EVERYWHERE IN EQUILIBRIUM INTERNALLY AND BALANCES
CERTAIN EXTERNAL LOADS AND AT THE SAME TIME DOES NOT
VIOLATE THE YIELD CONDITION, THESE LOADS WILL BE CARRIED
SAFELY BY THE STRUCTURE.
 UPPER BOUND –IF AN ESTIMATE OF THE PLASTIC
COLLAPSE LOAD OF A BODY IS MADE BY EQUATING INTERNAL
RATE OF DISSIPATION OF ENERGY TO THE RATE AT WHICH
EXTERNAL FORCES DO WORK IN ANY POSTULATED MECHANISM OF
DEFORMATION OF THE BODY, THE ESTIMATE WILL BE EITHER HIGH,
OR CORRECT.

MB March 10, 2002