DCC 30103 – HIGHWAY & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

TOPIC 1.0
INTRODUCTION TO HIGHWAY & TRAFFIC

Upon completion of this course, students should be able to :

CLO1 Apply appropriate model to solve problem in highway and traffic engineering (C3, PLO1)

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DCC 30103 – HIGHWAY & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

1.1 Relate the history of highway construction and road laws acts.

Traffic Can be defined as the movement of pedestrians and goods along a route, the movement
of vehicles, ships, persons, etc, in an area, along a street, through an air lane, over a water
route, etc example : people driving in cars, a heavy delay in a railroad system; or how many hits
a website gets daily.

Traffic engineering is a branch of civil engineering that uses engineering techniques to achieve
the safe and efficient movement of people and goods on roadways. It focuses mainly on research
for safe and efficient traffic flow, such as road geometry, sidewalks and crosswalks,
segregated cycle facilities, shared lane marking, traffic signs, road surface markings and
traffic lights. Traffic engineering deals with the functional part of transportation system, except
the infrastructures provided.

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DCC 30103 – HIGHWAY & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

 Construction structures used in transportation based on the modes of

transportation, and it can be classified as follows :

Roadways or highways
Water ways
airways
pipe

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DCC 30103
3113 – –HIGHWAY
HIGHWAY&&TRAFFIC
TRAFFICENGINEERING
ENGINEERING

R
L E
I L
Road Transport
S A Act 1976

T Environmental Quality
T Act 1974
E
D
Of Urban & Rural Planning Act 1976)
to (Town & Country Planning Act 1976)
(172 Act)(pindaan 2017)
A
R
C Local Government Act 1976 &
O Federal Territory Act 1973
t A
D
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DCC 30103 – HIGHWAY & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

Road Transport Act 1976

An Act to make provision for the regulation of motor vehicles and of traffic on roads and
O
other matters with respect to roads and vehicles there on; to make provision for the
B
protection of third parties against risks arising out of the use of motor vehicles; to make
J.
provision for the co-ordination and control of means of and facilities for transport; to make
provision for the co-ordination and control of means of and facilities for construction and
adaptation of motor vehicles; and to make provision for connected purposes.

W BE IT ENACTED by the Seri Paduka Baginda Yang di-Pertuan Agong with the advice and
H consent of the Dewan Negara and Dewan Rakyat in Parliament assembled, and by the
0 authority of the same, as follows:

Regulation of motor vehicles and traffic on roads and other matters with respect to roads and vehicles
thereon
O To make provision for the protection of third parties against risks arising out of the use of motor
B vehicles
J. To make provision for the co-ordination and control of means of and facilities for transport
To make provision for the co-ordination and control of means of and facilities for construction and
adaption of motor vehicles; and to make provision for connected purposes.

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DCC 30103 – HIGHWAY & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

The Road Transport Act is the main legal resource for conditioning road transportation in Malaysia and we
highlight its main parts in the list below:
 
Part 1: preliminary definitions, the powers of police officers and road transport officers as well as the
power of the Minister to appoint officers.
Part 2: the classification, registration and licensing of motor vehicles and drivers in Malaysia; part 2a
includes the rules for the periodic inspection of motor vehicles and part 2b refers to the treatment of
foreign motor vehicles.
Part 3: roads – the Highway Code, speed limits, the power to restrict vehicles and restrictions on specific
roads, the provision of parking spots and parking for disabled individuals, pedestrian crossings as well as
the duties of pedestrians to observe the traffic principles.
Part 4: provisions against third-party risks that arise out of the use of motor vehicles – referring to
insurance and  the duties of insurers as well as the rights of third parties against insurers; also included
here is the settlement between insurers and the insured individuals and the conditions in which third-party
claims are not affected by bankruptcy.
Part 5: offenses and miscellaneous provisions – includes the penalties for obstruction and interference, the
powers of road transport officers in an investigation, the general offenses and penalties, etc.

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DCC 3113 – HIGHWAY & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

Environmental Quality Act 1974

This act provides for the prevention, abatement, and control of pollution through
licensing, and mandates the conducting of an Environmental Assessment Report
OBJ.
for proposed public and private sector projects to determine and prevent or
prepare for the environmental consequences of the project. It was brought into
effect with the implementation of a subsequent set of specific regulations and
laws.

PURPOSE:
WHY  Prevention of the pollution
 Abatement pollution levels
 Controlling the pollution from continues
 Prepare for the environmental consequences

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DCC 30103 – HIGHWAY & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

The Road Transport Act is the main legal resource for conditioning road transportation in Malaysia and we
highlight its main parts in the list below:
 
Part 1: preliminary definitions, the powers of police officers and road transport officers as well as the
power of the Minister to appoint officers.
Part 2: the classification, registration and licensing of motor vehicles and drivers in Malaysia; part 2a
includes the rules for the periodic inspection of motor vehicles and part 2b refers to the treatment of
foreign motor vehicles.
Part 3: roads – the Highway Code, speed limits, the power to restrict vehicles and restrictions on specific
roads, the provision of parking spots and parking for disabled individuals, pedestrian crossings as well as
the duties of pedestrians to observe the traffic principles.
Part 4: provisions against third-party risks that arise out of the use of motor vehicles – referring to
insurance and  the duties of insurers as well as the rights of third parties against insurers; also included
here is the settlement between insurers and the insured individuals and the conditions in which third-party
claims are not affected by bankruptcy.
Part 5: offenses and miscellaneous provisions – includes the penalties for obstruction and interference, the
powers of road transport officers in an investigation, the general offenses and penalties, etc.

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DCC 30103 – HIGHWAY & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

Urban & Rural Planning Act 1976

An Act for the proper control and regulation of town and country planning in Peninsular
OBJ.
Malaysia and for purposes connected there with or ancillary there to.

WHERE AS it is expedient for the purpose of ensuring uniformity of law and policy to
WHY
make a law for the proper control and regulation of town and country planning in
Peninsular Malaysia: AND WHERE AS it is also expedient that provisions be made to
confer executive authority on the Federation over certain matters in relation to the control
and regulation of town and country planning:
(1) This Act may be cited as the Town and Country Planning Act 1976 and shall apply in
Peninsular Malaysia.
(2) Subject to subsection (3), this Act shall come into operation in a State on a date to be
appointed by the State Authority, with the concurrence of the Minister, by notification in
the State Gazette*.

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DCC 30103
DCC 3113 ––HIGHWAY
HIGHWAY&&TRAFFIC
TRAFFICENGINEERING
ENGINEERING

(3) The State Authority may bring this Act into operation in any manner the
State Authority thinks most advantageous, convenient, expedient, or
practicable, whether by appointing different dates for different provisions of
this Act, by appointing different dates for different local authority areas or
parts thereof, by bringing a provision into operation generally in the State and
at the same time declaring that, for or until such time as may be specified, the
provision shall or shall not apply to or in relation to a local planning authority
or the area or any part of the area of a local planning authority to such extent
only as may be specified, or in any other manner.

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DCC 30103 – HIGHWAY & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

Local Government Act 1976 & Federal Territory Act 1973

An Act to revise and consolidate the laws relating to local government. WHEREAS it is
OBJ
expedient for the purpose only of ensuring uniformity of law and policy to make a law
with respect to local government:

NOW, THEREFORE, pursuant to the provisions of Clause (4) of Article 76 of the

Constitution BE IT ENACTED, by the Seri Paduka Baginda Yang di-Pertuan Agong with
the advice and consent of the Dewan Negara and Dewan Rakyat in Parliament assembled,
and by the authority of the same, as follows:
Short title, application and commencement
(1) This Act may be cited as the Local Government Act 1976, and shall apply only to
Peninsular Malaysia.
(2) This Act shall come into force in a State on such date as the State Authority may, after
consultation with the Minister, appoint in relation to that State by a notification in the
Gazette and the State Authority may, after consultation with the Minister, appoint
different dates for the coming into force of different provision of this Act and may bring all
or any of the provisions thereof into force either in the whole State or in such part or
parts of the State as may be specified in the notification.
DCC 30103 – HIGHWAY & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

(3) Not with standing subsection (2), in relation to the Federal Territory, this Act
shall come into force on such date as the Minister may, by notification in the
Gazette, appoint. 12 Laws of Malaysia ACT 171 (4) The State Authority may,
notwithstanding subsection (2), by notification in the Gazette exempt any area
within any local authority area from all or any of the provisions of the Act or from
any by-laws.

(5) Where in any notification made under subsection (2) it is specified that part or
parts of this Act shall come into operation, the State Authority may specify in the
same notification the provisions of any of those laws referred to in section 166 which
shall be repealed.

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DCC 30103 – HIGHWAY & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

History of highway and road

In a group, discuss about:

 Early Era
 Roman Era
 Modern Era
I. Pierre Tresaguet Road
II. John Metcalf Road
III. Thomas Telford Road
IV. John Macadam Road

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DCC 30103 – HIGHWAY & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

Early Era
 was built 5000 years ago since the wheels were invented for carriage
and bullock
 found at Mesopotamia (3500 BC),China, Persia, Egypt (3000-2500
BC), India and Greek

EARLY ERA
 Archeologist found paved road at Mohenjo-Daro (3500 BC)
 Consist of sand soil covered with crushed lime stone and rock
pavement on top
 Egypt – for pyramid construction
 As a second route built by Chinese merchant to market their silk to
the west
 Also know as “CHINESE SILK ROAD”

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DCC 30103 – HIGHWAY & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

Roman Road

 More systematic and the basis of modern road construction

 Purpose :
i. Connect the city of Rome to the main cities of the colonies
ii. Military movement

ROMAN ROAD
 Build straight from one place to another because :
i. ease of movement because there’s no vehicles can turn left or right
ii. Shorten the journey between two places
 Construction structure consist of 3 class:
i. Flatten soil surface
ii. Graveled Surface
iii. Paved Surface

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DCC 30103 – HIGHWAY & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

PIERRE TRESAGUET
 A road engineer from France
 Highlight 3 principals
M – Moisture content affect the stability of the soil. So MC
must be control by effective drainage system

MODERN
T – Thickness depending on traffic requirements (types and
loading)
M – Maintenance must continuously done

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DCC 30103 – HIGHWAY & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

PIERRE TRESAGUET THEORY

MODERN
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DCC 30103 – HIGHWAY & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

JOHN METCALF

 Born in 1717 and blind since 6 years old

 Build 290km road at Yorkshire include bridges, culverts,
retaining wall and others.
 Highlight 2 principals

MODERN
D – Drainage. Water can not be allowed to stagnate on the road
surface
S – Strength of the road is depending on the base. So huge
rock is used as the base of the road

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DCC 30103 – HIGHWAY & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

MODERN
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DCC 30103 – HIGHWAY & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

THOMAS TELFORD

 THOMAS TELFORD
 Born in 1757 and a famous engineer
 Build 1470 km road and 1117 bridges in Britain and Europe
 Highlight 4 principals

MODERN
THOMAS
i. D – Drainage system is important including surface drainage and side drain.
ii. S – Strength of road depend on high dense material where empty space between
huge stone is filled with small stone
iii. F – Formation of subgrade is built horizontal with uniform thickness
iv. B – Base must be strong enough and built from huge stone

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DCC 30103 – HIGHWAY & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

THOMAS TELFORD THEORY

MODERN
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DCC 30103 – HIGHWAY & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

JOHN MACADAM

 Born in 1756 and an expert highway engineer

 Highlighting 6 principals :
i. S – Strength of road depending on the strength of subgrade
where the moisture content should be maintained

MODERN
ii. C – Camber were built on the surface to the side of road to perform
a good drainage
iii. O – Organize by one organization only
iv. S – Skilled labor and fine machineries are used for construction
v. C – Compaction must done perfectly to produce a strong layer
vi. F – Formation level been cut to the side of the road to perform a uniform
pavement thickness

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DCC 30103 – HIGHWAY & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

JOHN MACADAM THEORY

MODERN
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DCC 30103 – HIGHWAY & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

CATEGORIES OF HIGHWAY IN MALAYSIA

C

A  Toll Highway – 1820 km

WHY categories
Alternative to the Federal Road which are built and maintained
T by concession company
 Administration
 Planning  Federal Road- 18904 km
E
Roads that gazette under Federal Road Ordinance
 Design
LY
and linking the state capital and Linternational
G border crossing R A - 61,420 km
NE
HOW categories GE
O  State Road
Roads within state and also provide linkage of intra state
 Traffic volume
R
 Speed  Council / City Council Road
 Maintenance/ I
 Administration
 Rural Road
E

S
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DCC 30103 – HIGHWAY & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

Prepared by : Hanizah Binti osman & Norashikin Binti Md Radzi

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DCC 30103 – HIGHWAY & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

Toll Highway

 Prepared for vehicle to go straight and move in and out

systematically
 full control access and all intersections are grade separated
 Have two lane per way (or more) and one emergency lane (also
used by motorcycle)
 Have rest & recreation (R&R) and emergency phone at certain
places
 Maintenance operated by UEM (Urban Expressway Malaysia)
and PLUS
 Provide higher speed – until 110km/hr

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DCC 3113 – HIGHWAY & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

Expressway (highway toll) in Malaysia

 Total length : 1740 km

North south expressway

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DCC 30103 – HIGHWAY & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

Federal Road
 full control access and all intersections are grade separated
 Speed up to 110km/hr
 Connect between state capital, federal capital, industrial zone, airport, port and
railway station, international boarding
 In early 2001, the Government of Malaysia privatized the road maintenance
operations for the 11,600 kms of paved Federal roads in Peninsular Malaysia
 Maintained by State PWD through allocation from central government.

Jalan-jalan Persekutuan di ketegorikan kepada empat

(4) kategori utama, iaitu :-
    1) Jalan Persekutuan Utama
    2) Jalan Persekutuan Felda
    3) Jalan Persekutuan ke Institusi
    4) Jalan Persekutuan ke kawasan Industri

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DCC 30103 – HIGHWAY & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

State Road
 Connecting cities and town in the state and become a primary circulation
 provision of construction and maintenance is the responsibility of the state
government and implemented by JKR

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DCC 30103 – HIGHWAY & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

Urban Road/Cities Road

 within the jurisdiction of the local authorities such as DBKL, MPP and MD
 Maintenance work is the responsibility of local authorities
 If the local authorities have limited ability then the job will be carried out by
Public Work Department (JKR)

Prepared by : Hanizah Binti osman & Norashikin Binti Md Radzi

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DCC 30103 – HIGHWAY & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

Rural Road
 under the jurisdiction of local officials
 typically unpaved
 where the paved road has low specifications and can easily be damaged if
often used by heavy vehicles

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DCC 30103 – HIGHWAY & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

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DCC 30103 – HIGHWAY & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

EXAMPLE (a)
Q : Malaysia’s road system can be classified according to
their administration, area and function. These are to
E1 ensure their coordination, planning and operation of
the entire system.
Based on the figure, explains the characteristics for
routes seen on the map in terms of their function and
administration. State also the design standard for
A1 routes.
Simpang Ampat,
Perak
Types of Road Administration Function
A:
E1 –E2 Built & maintenance
A1 Expressway (PLUS) by
E2 Taiping,Perak ………………………..

A1-A2

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DCC 30103 – HIGHWAY & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

EXAMPLE (b)
Q : Malaysia’s road system can be classified according to
their administration, area and function. These are to

D ensure their coordination, planning and operation of

the entire system.

c Based on the figure, explains the characteristics for

routes seen on the map in terms of their function and
administration. State also the design standard for
A1 routes.
A: Types of Road Administration Function
C Built & maintenance Connecting between
Local Street by
Jalan Kampung

D Built & maintenance Connecting between

Urban Road by

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DCC 30103 – HIGHWAY & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

IN A GROUP, DISCUSS AGENCIES INVOLVED IN THE AREA ABOVE

traffic

Road and Highway

construction Road LAWS & ACT
transportation

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 The Ministry are responsible in road transport LAWS
CONSTRUCTION AND ACT

1. Malaysia Ministry of Transport ( Kementerian

EXPRESSWAY/
Pengangkutan Malaysia)
EXPRESSWAY/ HIGHWAY
HIGHWAY TOLL
TOLL
Road Transport Department Malaysia (Jabatan Pengangkutan
Jalan, JPJ)
FEDERAL
FEDERAL Department of Railways
Road Safety Department of Malaysia (Jabatan
Keselamatan Jalanraya)
Malaysia Institute of road safety
STATE
STATE
Land Public Transport Agency
Port Authority (Port Klang, Johor, Kuantan, Bintulu,
Respective Local Authorities Penang)
With assistance of state PWD’s URBAN
URBAN Railway Asset cooperation
in most cases
Malaysia Institute of Road safety Research
Sabah Commercial Vehicle Licensing Board
Respective
Respective RURAL
Sarawak Commercial Vehicle Licensing Board
RURAL
Local
Local MIROS
Authorities
Authorities PUSPAKOM

2. Department of Environment (Jabatan Alam Sekitar)

EXAMPLE OF PBT
http://www.data.gov.my/data/ms_MY/dataset/senarai-pihak-berkuasa-tempatan-pb
t-serta-agensi-diberi-kuasa-pbt/resource/104db5eb-ac6b-4319-a27d-d290af55ad0f
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Involvement of several government agencies in the road system
in Malaysia

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The relationship between government agencies involved
with roads and traffic

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DCC 30103 – HIGHWAY & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

FUNCTION
 Road Transport Department Malaysia (JPJ)
 undertaking registration and licensing of drivers and all motor vehicles and trailers in Malaysia
 Conducts research, develops and monitors e-government projects, new registration, change of ownership and
updates relevant acts and rules.
 Streamlines the registration and licensing of commercial and private.
 Manages the storage and maintenance of records of vehicles including those at the Central Recordkeeping.

 Road Safety Department of Malaysia (Jabatan Keselamatan Jalanraya)

 Plan and coordinate strategies related to road safety
 Implement road awareness campaigns to educate and increase the awareness of road users
 Engage with stakeholders in educational, advocacy and intervention programs on road safety
 Movers to MKJR at the national and state levels.

 MIROS
 to conduct comprehensive research on road safety and work closely with public and private entities, both local and
foreign, to further the cause of road safety.
 responsible to raise raising public awareness on road safety.

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Importance of the introduction of acts related to roads & acts enforcement aspects related to roads and road laws

 To change mentality of road users and drivers

 To reduce the rate of road accidents and fatalities.
 Reduce accidents and deaths in country.
 To provide information, awareness and change driving habits.
 To avoid accidents of third party
 To handle environmental problems and all that intended is geared toward
balance development and conservation of the environment

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ACTIVITY

Relate the Environmental Quality Act

1974 that resulting from motorized
vehicles from the aspect of pollution:
a. Air
b. Sound